Ⅱ

For a full and lively account of all aspects of Renaissance Rome, including its topography, buildings and population, its government, artists, popes and prostitutes see Peter Partner, Renaissance Rome: A Portrait of a Society (1979) from which many details in this chapter are drawn. For further details, including an account of papal ceremonial and the humanist rediscovery of the city’s classical past see Charles L. Stinger, The Renaissance in Rome (1998). For the role of individual families see Anthony Majanlahti, The Families Who Made Rome, A History and a Guide (2006). On Rome’s Jewish community see Attilio Milano, Il Ghetto di Roma (1988). On Rome’s topography, medieval fortress towers,churches, bell towers, houses and the conservatism of Rome’s church decoration see Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312–1308 (1980). On Renaissance palaces see Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V. Cohen, Daily Life in Renaissance Italy (2001).

On the 1450 pilgrim disaster, the bridge and road buildings that ensued, and also Renaissance city churches see Loren Partridge, The Renaissance in Rome (1996) and also David Karmon, The Ruins of the Eternal City: Antiquity and Preservation in Renaissance Rome (2011). On the Sistine Chapel see Loren Partridge, Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Rome (1996). On the origins of the papacy’s office selling and other financial irregularities see Elisabeth G. Gleason, Gasparo Contarini: Venice, Rome and Reform (1993). On Lucrezia Borgia see Katherine McIver, Wives, Widows, Mistresses and Nuns in early Modern Italy: Making the Invisible Visible through Art and Patronage (2012). On Pasquino feeling insulted by being called a cardinal, and the note left on the door of Adrian VI’s doctor’s door, see Partner.

On Romans’ use of Tiber water and Clement VII’s fondness of it, see Katherine Wentworth Rinne, The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains and the Birth of the Baroque City (2010). On medicine and the French Disease see Roger French and Jon Arrizabalaga,‘Coping with the French Disease: University Practitioners’ Strategies and Tactics in the Transition from the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth centuries’ in Roger Kenneth French, Jon Arrizabalaga and Andrew Cunningham (eds), Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease (1998).

On all aspects of everyday Renaissance Italian life from crime to cleanliness to courtesans with circular beds, see Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V. Cohen, Daily Life in Renaissance Italy (2001) from which many details in this chapter have been drawn. For a fascinating glimpse of Renaissance Rome underworld life as seen through contemporary transcripts of investigative interrogations, see Thomas V. Cohen and Elizabeth S. Cohen, Words and Deeds in Renaissance Rome (1993). On Renaissance Rome’s jails see Giuseppe Adinolfi, Storia di Regina Coeli e delle carcere di Roma (1998).

On Rome’s plague of stone-throwing boys and also the tradition of Roman youths trying to impress girls by bull-baiting see Robert C. Davis, ‘The Geography of Gender in the Renaissance’ in Judith C. Brown and Robert C. Davis (eds), Gender and Society in Renaissance Italy (1998). On women’s inheritance and dowries see Samuel K. Cohn Jr,Women in the Streets: Essays on Sex and Power in Renaissance Italy (1996); Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Women, Family and Ritual in Renaissance Italy (1985) and Trevor Dean and K. P. J. Lowe (eds), Marriage in Italy 1300–1650 (1998).

On Roman food and cuisine and Bartolomeo Scappi’s feast see Katherine A. McIver, Cooking and Eating in Renaissance Italy: From Kitchen to Table (2014); Fabio Parasecoli, Al Dente: A History of Food in Italy (2014); Alberto Capatti and Massimo Montanari, Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History, trans. Aine O’Healy (2003) and also Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V. Cohen. On humanists in Rome see John F. Amico, Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome (1983). All details on the humanist Pierio Valeriano are drawn from Julia Haig Gaisser’s fascinating article, ‘Seeking Patronage under the Medici Popes: A Tale of Two Humanists’ in Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss (eds), The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture (2005). On the fate of Rome’s classical remains see David Karmon, The Ruins of the Eternal City: Antiquity and Preservation in Renaissance Rome(2011).

Ⅲ

As indicated, primary sources on the sack of Rome quoted include I Diarii di Marino Sanuto (1902) (my translations) also Benvenuto Cellini, The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, trans. George Anthony Bull (1956) and Luigi Guicciardini, The Sack of Rome, trans. James Harvery McGregor (1993). Details gleaned from legal documents before, during and at the end of the sacking are all drawn from Anna Esposito and Vaquero Piniero’s fascinating article, ‘Rome during the Sack: Chronicles and Testimonies from an Occupied City’ in Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss (eds), The Pontificate of Clement VI: History, Politics, Culture I (2005). On England’s missions to gain Clement VII’s agreement to Henry VIII’s divorce, including the strange proposal that Henry should take two wives, and also Francesco Gonzaga’s description of Rome after the sack, see Catherine Fletcher, Our Man in Rome: Henry VIII and his Italian Ambassador (2012). On Clement VII’s bounce back from disaster, see Barbara McClung Hallman, ‘The “Disastrous” Pontificate of Clement VII: Disastrous for Giulio de’ Medici?’ in Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss (eds), The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture (2005). On the 1530 and 1557 floods see Katherine Wentworth Rinne (above). On preparations for Charles V’s 1535 visit see David Karmon, The Ruins of the Eternal City: Antiquity and Preservation in Renaissance Rome (2011). On the sinister career of Cardinal Carafa/Pope Paul IV see Partner.

第六章　法国人

Ⅰ

For Pius IX’s flight from Rome see Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830–1914 (1998) and John Francis Maguire, Rome: Its Rulers and its Institutions (1858). On France’s Revolutionary and Napoleonic occupations of Rome see R. J. B. Bosworth, Whispering Cities (2011); Susan Vandiver Nicassio, Imperial City: Rome, Romans and Napoleon, 1796–1815 (2005) and Frank J. Coppa, The Modern Papacy since 1789(1998). On the Trastevere uprising of 1798 see Massimo Cattaneo, ‘Trastevere: Myths, Stereotypes and Reality of a Roman Rione between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’in Richard Wrigley (ed.), Regarding Romantic Rome (2007). On the reactionary popes of the earlier nineteenth century see Bosworth, Chadwick and Coppa. On the role of the arts in the Risorgimento, see Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (2007). On Pius IX’s election and early, radical period and his falling out with the Romans see Chadwick and Bosworth. On Mazzini see Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini (2008). On Garibaldi’s early years and Mazzini’s role in his rise to fame see Riall, who offers a fascinating study of the role of publicity in the Risorgimento. On Louis Napoleon see Fenton Bresler, Napoleon III: A Life(1999).

Ⅱ

On Rome’s Renaissance walls, see Peter Partner, Renaissance Rome, A Portrait of a Society (1976). On the repair to Rome’s drains see Katherine Wentworth Rinne, ‘Urban Ablutions: cleansing Counter-Reformation Rome’ in Mark Bradley and Kenneth Stow (eds), Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity (2012). On Rome’s repaired aqueducts and new fountains see Katherine Wentworth Rinne, The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, fountains and the Birth of the Baroque City (2010). On the transformation of Rome by Alexander VII and Bernini see Richard Krautheimer, The Rome of Alexander VII, 1655–1667 (1985).

On interruptions to the Grand Tour see Edward Chanery, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance (1998). For the earl of Shrewsbury’s money-saving stay and eminent writers and artists who stayed in Rome see J.A. Hilton, A Sign of Contradiction: English Travellers and the Fall of Papal Rome (2010)and also Paolo Ludovici and Biancamaria Pisapia (eds), Americans in Rome 1764–1870(1984). On how visiting writers were struck by Rome’s filth, their different opinions as to which city was filthiest, and also Napoleonic French efforts to clear antiquities of accretions see Richard Wrigley, ‘“It was dirty but it was Rome”: Dirt, Digression and the Picturesque’in Richard Wrigley, Regarding Romantic Rome (2007). On grand plans to remake Rome in preparation for Napoleon’s visit see Nicassio. On the destruction of antiquities to remake Rome see David Karmon, The Ruin of the Eternal City: Antiquity and preservation in Renaissance Rome (2011). On the new fascination with the Etruscans see Lisa C. Pieraccini,‘The English, Etruscans and “Etouria”: The Grand Tour of Etruria’ in Etruscan Studies Vol.12 (2009). On Rome’s fast days, clocks, time and its infuriating post office see Sir George Head, Rome: A Tour of Many Days (1849).

On Rome’s population see Fiorella Bartoccini, Roma nell’Ottocento: Il tramonto della ‘Città Santa’: nascita di una Capitale (1985). For the decline of Rome’s aristocracy see Giacomina Nenci, Aristocrazia romana tra ‘800: I Rospigliosi (2004). On new intimacy in Italian aristocratic families see Marzio Barbagli, ‘Marriage and Family in Nineteenth Century Italy’ in John A. Davis and Paul Ginsborg (eds), Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento: Essays in Honour of Denis Mack Smith (1991). On nineteenth-century Roman food see Fabio Parasecoli, Al Dente: A History of Food in Italy (2014) and Alberto Capatti and Massimo Montanari, Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History, trans. Aine O’Healy(2003). On the rising number of illegitimate births and the worsening survival rates of infants in foundling hospitals see Marzio Barbagli, ‘Marriage and Family in Nineteenth Century Italy’ in John A. Davis and Paul Ginsborg (eds), Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento: Essays in Honour of Denis Mack Smith (1991). And also Maria Sophia Quine, Italy’s Social Revolution: Charity and Welfare from Liberalism to Fascism (2002). On the make-up of Rome’s population see Bartoccini.

On knife fights see Silvio Negro, Seconda Roma (1943). On life under Leo XII see Bosworth. On the Cisbei, see Maurice Andrieux, Daily Life in Papal Rome in the Eighteenth Century, trans. Mary Fitton (1969). On the little that is known of prostitution in the last decades of Papal Rome see Mary Gibson, Prostitution and the Italian State 1860–1915 (1999). On the Church’s moral policing of Rome, see Margherita Pelaja, Scandali: Sessualità e violenza nella Roma dell’Ottocento (2001). On the involvement of local Roman communities in moral policing see Domenico Rizzo, ‘Marriage on Trial: Adultery in Nineteenth Century Rome’ in Perry Willson, Gender, Family and Sexuality in Italy 1860–1945 (2004) and Domenico Rizzo, ‘L’Impossibile privato, Fama e pubblico scandalo in età liberal’, in Quaderni Storici No. 112, April 2003. On Odo Russell’s struggles with wayward female English grand tourists see Noel Blakiston, The Roman Question: Extracts from the Despatches of Odo Russell from Rome 1858–70 (1962). On the leniency of papal justice see Margherita Pelaja (above). On Rome’s jails and attempts to comfort the condemned before executions see Giuseppe Adinolfi, Storia di Regina Coeli e delle carceri romane (1998). On the San Michele institution see Elena Andreozzi, Il pauperismo a Roma e l’ospizio Apostolico San Michele in San Michele a Ripa: Storia e Restauro, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondata da G. Treccani (1983).

On Rome’s Ghetto see Attilio Milano, Il Ghetto di Roma (1964). On the possibility that the Ghetto was cleaner than visitors realized, see Kenneth Stow, ‘Was the Ghetto Cleaner …’ in Mark Bradley and Kenneth Stow (eds), Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity (2012). On Roman Jewish dialect see Crescenzo del Monte, ‘Glossario del dialetto giudaico-romanesco’ in the same author’s Sonetti Postumi Giudaico-Romaneschi e Romaneschi (1955). On grand tourists’ mistaken ideas as to the cause of malaria, see Richard Wrigley, ‘Pathological Topographies and Cultural Itineraries: Mapping “mal’aria” in eighteenth and nineteenth century Rome’ in Richard Wrigley and George Revill (eds), Pathologies of Travel (2000). On the Ghetto and malaria see Robert Sallares, Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy (2002). On the papal procession on the feast of Corpus Domini see William Wetmore Story, Roba di Roma (1863).

Ⅲ

One of the fullest accounts of the Roman Republic’s struggle to survive remains George Macaulay Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic (1907), from which my account draws many details. For a more critical examination of Garibaldi’s role see Riall. For an account, admittedly partisan against Pius IX, of events after the fall of Rome, see Luigi Carlo Farini, The Roman State, Volume 4, Book VII, trans. W. E. Gladstone(1851). Farini details the attack by the Papal police and French troops on the Ghetto. Also see Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity, being a political history of Italy from 1814 to 1854, Volume I (1899). See also Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini; Margaret Fuller, These Sad but Glorious Days: Dispatches from Europe, ed. Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith(1991); Robert N. Hudspeth (ed.), Letters of Margaret Fuller Vol. IV (1984) and Friedrich Althaus (ed.), The Roman Journals of Ferdinand Gregorovius, trans. Mrs Gustavus W. Hamilton (1907). The figure of 20, 000 people fleeing Rome is from Chadwick. The attempt to burn down the Quirinal Palace on the day Pius returned is from Mary Francis Cusack, The Life and Times of Pope Pius IX (1878). On Rome’s gasworks on Circo Massimo see Maguire and Bosworth.

On the assassination attempts against Louis Napoleon see Bresler. On Garibaldi’s visit to England see Derek Beales, ‘Garibaldi in England: The Politics of Italian Enthusiasm’ in John A. Davis and Paul Ginsborg (eds), Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento: Essays in Honour of Denis Mack Smith (1991). For the chants of ‘Viva Verdi’ see Story. For Romans’ boycotts and Pius sending his executioner to scare his parishioners see The Roman Journals of Ferdinand Gregorovius (above), 8 March 1860. On papal repression see Odo Russell in Blakiston. On the doctrine of Papal Infallibility see Chadwick and Bosworth. On Pius’ last months as ruler of Rome, on the capture of the city by Italian forces and the journey of Pius’ corpse to San Lorenzo see Bosworth and David L. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi’s Rebels ion the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy (2004).

第七章　纳粹分子

Ⅰ

For Mussolini’s arrest by the king see Anthony Majanlahti and Amadeo Osti Guerazzi, Roma occupata, Itinerari, storia, immagini (2010) and Nello Ajello, La caduta,‘Il commando a Badoglio è fatta’ a Villa Savoia il Re si libera del duce, Repubblica 25.07.2013.

The account of the Fascist Grand Council Meeting is from M. de Wyss, Rome Under the Terror (1945). De Wyss is an elusive source and a little should be said about what is known – or rather not known – about her. We lack even her first name. Her publisher, Robert Hale Ltd, London, says only that she is ‘… a lady who was in Rome continuously during the last stages {of the war} and who had reliable sources of extraordinary information’. The detail and accuracy of her account and the rapidity with which the book appeared – a year after Rome’s occupation ended – suggest it is reliable, though her name is probably a pseudonym (she evidently did not want her identity known). From the text it is clear she had already experienced Nazi occupation in another location prior to her living in Rome. The speed and thoroughness of her investigations, her at times eccentric English and her regular complimentary references to the Swiss diplomatic authorities all suggest she was a Swiss journalist covering the war in Italy.

For the life of Vittorio Emanuele III see Denis Mack Smith, Italy and its Monarchy(1992). For the US bombing raid on 19 September 1943 and Roman celebrations after Mussolini’s fall see Robert Katz, Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome (2003) and de Wyss. On the career of Badoglio see Giovanni de Luna, Badoglio: Un militare al potere (1974). On Rome’s lack of preparedness for air attacks see R.J. B. Bosworth, Whispering Cities: Modern Rome and its Histories (2011).

Ⅱ

For all aspects of Liberal Rome, including its building booms, its new facilities and its many constructions to promote itself and challenge the popes, see Bosworth, Whispering Cities. For further details on Liberal Rome including ineffectual development plans and also destruction that was avoided see Spiro Kostof, The Third Rome, 1870–1950, Traffic and Glory (1973). For Lanciani’s work in Rome, and especially for Liberals’ remaking of Rome for propaganda purposes see Bosworth. For the presence of non-Catholic churches inside Rome’s walls see Kostof and Bosworth. The dissident intellectual who described the Vittoriano as a ‘Vespasiano di Lusso,’ was Giovanni Papini (see Bosworth). Also see Bosworth for Jewish politicians and generals and for Garibaldi’s proposal of a Tiber canal.

For Mussolini’s life see R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini (2002) and Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini (1981). On Romans’ initial indifference towards Fascism see Bosworth, Whispering Cities. On all aspects of Fascist demolitions and rebuilding of Rome see Borden W. Painter, Jr. Mussolini’s Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City (2005); Spiro Kostof; Bosworth, Whispering Cities and also Joshua Arthurs, Excavating Modernity: The Roman Past in Fascist Italy (2012). For Mussolini’s loathing of foreign tourists’ love of the picturesque see Arthurs. For the cost of Mussolini’s demolitions in terms of homes lost see Painter. For André Gide’s observations see Emilio Gentile, In Italia ai Tempi di Mussolini: Viaggio in compagnia di osservatori stranieri (2014). For Cardinal Pallotta’s criticisms of the idea of a broad road leading to St Peter’s see Richard Krautheimer, The Rome of Alexander VII, 1655–1667 (1985). On Rome’s Fascist constructions see Painter.

On the GIL Fascist youth movement see Edward R. Tannenbaum, The Fascist Experience: Italian Society and Culture (1972). On Foro Mussolini see Painter and Bosworth, Whispering Cities. On the Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista see Bosworth, Painter and Roland G. Andrew, Through Fascist Italy, An English Hiker’s Pilgrimage (1935). On Fascism’s early hostility towards tourism see Gentile. On Mussolini’s omnipresence on posters, in photographs and on postcards see Gentile and Bosworth, Whispering Cities. Also see Bosworth for the Anni Fascisti, the Fascist calendar and competition with the Church.On the surviving remnants of the Ghetto degli Inglesi, the illegality of fancy dress and travel possibilities to Rome see Karl Baedeker, Rome and Central Italy, Handbook for Travellers, sixteenth revised edition (1930).

On Italians’ increasing longevity see Massimo Livi-Bacci, A History of Italian Fertility During the Last Two Centuries (1977). On the dopolavoro after-work leisure organization, Italy’s media under Fascism and intellectual life see Tannenbaum. On how Fascist corporations and Fascist welfare favoured the wealthy and exploited employees see also Jonathan Dunnage, Twentieth Century Italy: A Social History (2002). On how welfare funds were regularly raided by the Fascist state to pay for grand projects see Maria Sophia Quine, Italy’s Social Revolution: Charity and Welfare from Liberalism to Fascism (2002). On Rome’s aristocrat Fascist mayors see Painter. On everyday life in the case popolari and Romans’ struggle to keep clean see Gian Franco Venè, Mille lira al mese: vita quotidiana della famiglia nell’Italia Fascista (1988). On the borgate see Quine, Gentile and Painter. On the barruché see Bosworth, Whispering Cities.

On Fascism’s view of women see Perry Willson, Women in Twentieth Century Italy(2009) and also Tannenbaum and Quine. Mussolini’s claim that work could make women sterile is from Willson. On Fascism’s approval of brothels see Dunnage. On Fascist rewards to prolific parents and Mussolini’s prohibition of photographs of women with small dogs see Tannenbaum. On the danger of women being out alone and Rome’s lack of night-time culture see Gentile. On Fascist violence and control of Italians, internal exile and the fate of the Roman tinsmith Ruggeri Leggi see Michael R. Ebner’s fascinating analysis of how the threat of physical violence that always underlay Fascism, Ordinary Violence in Mussolini’s Italy (2011). On the effect on Jewish life of the 1938 Racial Laws see Ebner and also Michele Sarfatti, The Jews in Mussolini’s Italy: From Equality to Persecution and Susan Zuccotti (2006) The Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue and Survival (1987). On corruption among Fascist officials, their accusations of sexual immorality against one another and the diminishing success of Fascist propaganda see Paul Corner’s fascinating and revealing study of one of the more reliable sources of information at this time – spies informing the regime of the state of the nation – in The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini’s Italy (2012). On the failure of Fascism’s great projects see Livi-Bacci, Tannenbaum, Corner and Quine. On the fragility of Italy’s control of Abyssinia see Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopians, A History (1998). On Fascism’s failure to instill anti-Semitism in Italians, Starace’s much-loathed innovations, Italians’ increasing apathy and the coffee crisis of see Corner. On Fascist propaganda’s failure to persuade Italian women see Willson.

On Hitler’s 1938 visit to Rome and also Colonel J. Hanley’s observations of the crowd in Piazza Venezia on the day war was declared, see Painter. On Italians’ lack of enthusiasm for the German alliance and the war see Corner. On the unprepared state of Italy’s military in 1940 see R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy: Life Under the Dictatorship (2005). On Mussolini’s disastrous record as a military tactician see Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini. On the Folgore Parachute Division see John Bierman and Colin Smith, Alamein, War Without Hate (2002). On Rome’s coastline being guarded by two soldiers sharing one pair of boots and the final celebration of Empire Day see de Wyss. On the third and final Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista see Painter.

Ⅲ

A clear and highly detailed account of the last hours of the Badoglio regime and the fall of Rome to German forces can be found in Claudio Fracassi, La Battaglia di Rome(2014). Details of the two American generals’ dinner and their meeting with Badoglio are from Fracassi, as are the meeting of the king’s council at the Quirinal Palace, the flight of the king and his ministers, the orders they gave Italian forces and Italian resistance (and non-resistance) to German forces. The story of the Italian officer who deserted his troops to check on his racehorses is from M. de Wyss. Mother Mary, another invaluable diarist of these events, is also rather elusive, if less so than de Wyss. Her account, Inside Rome with the Germans was published in 1945 under the pseudonym of Jane Scrivener and it was only some decades later that she was revealed to be an American nun in Rome, Mother Mary St Luke, who was living in a convent not far from Via Veneto.

On the fall of Rome and the beginning of the occupation see also Katz, Fatal Silence. The joke about tourists and the statue of Moses is from Alexander Stille, Benevolence and Betrayal: Five Italian Jewish Families under Fascism (1991). Stille’s insightful and humane account of these terrible times includes a chapter on the struggle to survive by members of the Roman Di Veroli family. On the gold ransom demanded of Rome’s Jews, the theft of the synagogue libraries and the Ghetto roundup of 16 October, Robert Katz, Black Sabbath:A Journey Through a Crime Against Humanity (1969) offers a full, detailed and powerful account. For the likelihood that the gold demand was a ruse to put the Jews off their guard see also Susan Zuccotti, Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy(2002). On life for Jewish Romans before the occupation and warnings ignored, including by German diplomats, see Stille and also Katz. Debenedetti wrote October 16, 1943 shortly after the liberation but quotes in the text are from the translation by Estelle Gilson (2001). On Kappler’s report detailing how Romans tried to thwart the roundup see Katz, Fatal Silence. On details of which Catholic institutions took in Jews and what conditions – if any– they required see Zuccotti. On the rise of Pius XII and his response to Nazism and the Holocaust see John Cornwell, Hitler’s Pope, The Secret History of Pius XII (1999). On the intervention by Princess Enza Pignatelli Aragona Cortes see Katz, Fatal Silence and Stille. On Pius’ lack of response to the Ghetto roundup see Zuccotti, Cornwell, Katz Fatal Silence and Katz Black Sabbath. On the efforts by German diplomats to save Jewish Romans see Katz (both titles).

The graffiti urging the Russians to hurry up is from M. de Wyss, as are the accounts of deserting Germans. Details of Rome’s declining transport and bricked-up shops are from both de Wyss and Mother Mary. The raid on Rome’s Fascist HQ is from de Wyss. On the background to Roman resistance to the Germans and attacks on Germans in December 1944 see Katz, Fatal Silence. Also see Katz and also de Wyss and Mother Mary for new curfews and other restrictions and also raids on Church establishments by Koch’s Gang. On Celeste di Porto see Stille.

On the Anzio landing, the bombing raids that followed, the arrests of Rome’s resistance and also on Peter Tomkins and Malfatti’s information-gathering network see Katz, Fatal Silence. On Allied bombing of Rome see also de Wyss and Mother Mary. On the Via Rasella bomb and the ensuing Fosse Ardeatina massacre see Robert Katz, Fatal Silence,whose account my narrative follows. On German trucks painted with Vatican colours and keeping close to Vatican food trucks see Mother Mary. On General Clark’s dash for Rome see Katz, Fatal Silence. On German demolitions in the city see Mother Mary.

后记

For Romans’ Twitter replies to ISIS see La Repubblica, 21 February 2015