总结一下，这一章讨论了目前的研究成果，即在汉语为母语的阅读者以英语作为第二语言学习的过程中，存在一定程度的语音、正字法和语素迁移。语音迁移主要发生在音节和首音—韵脚层面，但在到达音素层面时止步于声音单位。当前的研究结果对相互依存假设和对比分析假设都支持，并没有特别支持其中的哪一方。

语素迁移研究表明，当汉语为母语者学习英语时，迁移的主要语素模式是复合语素。这一发现符合汉语与英语之间的差异，因为汉语缺乏派生语素和屈折语素，而它们在英语中普遍存在，且非常有效。相比之下，在汉语中极富成效的复合语素在英语也有使用，但远没有那么常见。正字法迁移研究显示，母语为汉语的学习者主要依靠视觉空间信息，这些信息可以从词语视觉识别中收集到，而不太依赖词语中的语音信息。人们认为这些结果反映了大多数汉字不能从书面形式反映其语音信息的事实。

本章随后分析了语言学习过程中跨语言正字法深度的认知结果，当前研究表明，与英语母语者相比，汉语母语者在阅读英文时通常更多地依赖正字法信息。这一发现反映了正字法迁移的研究结果，并给出了相似的结论。

本章还讨论了双语能力对神经可塑性的影响，以及对大脑整体的改变。有研究指出双语确实会导致词汇提取变慢，因为两种语言在某种程度上一直处于活动状态，无论程度多么微弱。然而，由此产生的压力促使大脑生成有效的神经网络，以处理高强度的任务。这种压力会产生更强的执行控制，使双语者可以应对涉及显著冲突的情况。有研究指出，双语系统的效率也被证实可以延缓老年痴呆症的发作。

最后一点，本文指出，当前的研究需要通过实验设计和训练研究，更多地调查语言迁移能力，以便得到有关因果关系和迁移方向的结论。

摘要Abstract

This chapter begins by discussing the importance of research in bilingualism and giving an overview of how reading acquisition and development in bilingual children differ from their monolingual counterparts.We proceed by defining the prevailing theories in bilingual reading development and highlighting the important aspects of reading development that are critical to bilingual reading acquisition.More specifically, we take an in-depth look at the various aspects of cross-language transfer, including phonological, morphological, and orthographic transfer.After each discussion of these topics, we examine how each of these areas of bilingual reading development impacts the learning process for bilingual children.We then proceed to specific advantages and disadvantages that Chinese children face in their acquisition of a second language and how their experience with their second language relates to their experience with their first language.We then review current challenges in our understanding of reading development in bilingual children.Finally, we attempt to bring light to new opportunities for future research in bilingual reading development in an effort to target new potential lines of investigation for prospective researchers in the context of Chinese-English bilingual children.

Key words

bilingualism, cross-language transfer, phonological transfer, morphological transfer, orthographic transfer, benefit of bilingualism

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[1] 美国马里兰大学帕克分校（University of Maryland, College Park）

[2] 美国马里兰大学帕克分校（University of Maryland, College Park）

[3] L1为第一语言简称，L2为第二语言简称。——编者注