33.“远行者”英格瓦尔：Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards (trans.), Vikings in Russia: Yngvar’s Saga and Eymund’s Saga (1989): 44-68, 59; Gunilla Larson, “Early Contacts Between Scandinavia and the Orient.” The Silk Road 9 (2011): 122-142.
34.最终，英格瓦尔病倒了：Anders Winroth, The Age of the Vikings (2014)：82页提到英格瓦尔，128页提到越来越多的鳕鱼骨头。
35.《往年纪事》：成书于1113年，融合了神话与历史。请参见Samuel Hazzard Cross和Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor的英译本导论，The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (1953)：3—50页，21页提到了该版本的一个作者，59页提到了邀请前往留里克，65—69页提到了公元911年的协议，82页提到了君士坦丁的求婚，93—94页提及前基督教时期的神祇，110页提到了弗拉基米尔决定等待，111页提到了使臣的报告，245页注释92提到了教皇派往罗斯的使节。
36.希腊火：Paolo Squatriti (trans.), The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (2007)：180页提及希腊火，197—198页提到了国王的机械。
37.一些罗斯人已经受洗成为基督徒：Jonathan Shepard, “The Coming of Christianity to Rus.” Conversion to Christianity: From Late Antiquity to the Modern Age: Considering the Process in Europe, Asia, and the Americas, ed. Calvin B. Kendall et al. (2009): 195-196.
38.为了给丈夫报仇：Shepard, “Back in Old Rus and the USSR”, 384-405, 400.
39.德意志国王奥托一世：Shepard, “Byzantine Emissions.” 234-242, 236.
40.奥尔加辞去了：Shepard, “The Coming of Christianity to Rus.” 185-222，其中194页提及基辅的埋葬地，195页提及公元944年的协议。
41.弗拉基米尔和一支斯堪的纳维亚雇佣军：Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980-1584 (1995): 1-11.
42.犹太教为可萨人提供了……中间地带：Peter Golden, “The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.” The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives: Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium Hosted by the Ben Zvi Institute, ed. Peter Golden et al. (2007): 123-162，其中152页注释145，153页提及皈依犹太教，156页提及皈依日期。
43.这种皈依并没有影响到他的臣民：Michael Toch, The Economic History of the European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (2013): 193-204.
44.三种新的硬币：R. K. Kovalev, “Creating Khazar Identity Through Coins: The Special Issue Dirham of 837/8.” East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, ed. F. Curta (2005): 220-253, 240-242.
45.“可萨人都是犹太教徒”：Golden, “The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.” 142; Ibn al-Faqih, Kitāb al-Buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje (1885): 298.
46.野兔脚做的生育护身符：E. E. Kravchenko and A. V. Shamrai, “O gruppe kompleksov s Tsarina gorodishcha v srednem techenii Severskogo Dontsa.” Problemi zberezhennia i vikoristannia kul’turnoi spadshchini v Ukraini, ed. P. V. Dobrov and O. V. Kolesnik (2014): 183-192，185页提到护身符；2018年10月28日，与牛津大学Irina Shingiray的私人交流。
47.耶路撒冷不是由犹太人统治的：Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634-1099, trans. Ethel Broido (1992)：51—56页提到7世纪30年代的征服，364—366页提到法蒂玛，409—414页提到塞尔柱人，839—861页的chronology of the years 610-1153。
48.“美丽的女子”：Andrew Rippin, “H3ourī.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd ed. (2016); Maher Jarrar, “Houris.” Encyclopaedia of the Qu’ran (2002): 2: 456-457.
49.对话一定是后来才被插入：Andrzej Poppe, “Two Concepts of the Conversion of Rus in Kievan Writings.” Christian Russia in the Making (2007): 488-504，其中492—493页注释16提及《往年纪事》的日期，495—496页提及东正教和罗马的不同斋戒方式。
50.没有准确地呈现：Fennell, History of the Russian Church, 36-37；2016年7月20日与Paul Bushkovitch的私人交流。
51.一位名叫“弗拉基米尔”的罗斯统治者：Vladimir Minorsky (trans.), Sharaf al-Zaman tahir Marvazi on China, the Turks, and India: Arabic Text with an English Translation and Commentary (1942): 36.
52.“哲学家的演讲”：Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath, Grin Without a Cat (2002): 53-57.
53.紧密的经济和文化联系：Christian Raffensperger, Reimagining Europe: Kievan Rus’ in the Medieval World (2012): 164-166.
54.乌古斯人：C. Edmund Bosworth, “The Origins of the Seljuqs.” The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture, ed. Christian Lange and Songül Mecit (2011): 13-21.
55.天气异常寒冷：Richard W. Bulliet, Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History (2009): 79-81.
56.“我们将成为一个渺小而孤独的民族”：Omid Safi, The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (2006): 16; Ernest Wallis Budge, The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus (1932): 1: 195.
57.弗拉基米尔在公元988年或公元989年受洗：由于史料的问题，尚不确定弗拉基米尔在何时何地受洗。
58.与政府官员接触：Janet Martin, Treasure in the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (1986): 9.
59.第聂伯河中部地区：Andrzej Poppe, “The Christianization and Ecclesiastical Structure of Kievan Rus’ to 1300.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 12-13(1997)：311-392，其中341页提及主教席位，344—345页提及死后的洗礼。
60.西欧经历了一次大规模的经济增长：Angeliki E. Laiou, “Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries.” The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh Through the Fifteenth Century, ed. Angeliki E Laiou and Charalampos Bouras (2001): 697-770.
61.亚历山大、安条克和耶路撒冷……被穆斯林统治：Alfred J. Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion (1978): xxxviii; “Antioch.” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991): 1: 115-116.
62.发酵的面包：Joseph H. Lynch and Philip C. Adamo, The Medieval Church: A Brief History (2014): 184-185.
63.反对罗马和君士坦丁堡地位平等的观点：R. W.Southern,Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (1970): 67-73.
64.1054年获释：John H. Erickson, “Schisms, Eastern-Western Church.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages: 11: 44-47.
65.威尼斯人是最富有的：来自2017年8月9日，与Francesca Trivellato的私人交流；David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (2011)：第276页提及共同生活的群体，第278页提及11世纪的地中海战役，第293页提到了12世纪。
66.免除了威尼斯人：到底是1082年还是1092年，专家们尚有争论。Alain Ducellier, “The Death Throes of Byzantium: 1080-1261.” The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages, Volume 2: 950-1250, ed. Robert Fossier (1997)：505页提及1082年的事件，507—508页提及恢复威尼斯人的特权。
67.这一滑稽短剧有明显的种族含义：Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (1988)：87页提到了模拟加冕仪式，90页提到了外国居民的类别，106—109页提到了拉丁人大屠杀，115页提及第三次十字军东征。
68.威尼斯人……横冲直撞：Thomas F. Madden, Venice: A New History (2012): 85-87.
69.拜占庭皇帝阿列克修斯一世：Peter Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (2012)：13—16页提及教皇和反教皇，19—22页提到了乌尔班二世，116页提及第一次十字军东征的人数，202页提及城市的改善状况。该书中文版《第一次十字军东征》已由海南出版社出版。
70.教皇还前往法国的克莱蒙：Thomas F. Madden, A Concise History of the Crusades, 3rd ed. (2014)：11页提及第一次十字军东征的参与者，17—21页提及民众的十字军东征，98—109页提及第四次十字军东征；Barbara H. Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages, 4th ed. (2014)：170—172页提及第一次十字军东征，200—201页提及第四次十字军东征。
第5章 世界上最富有的人
感谢耶鲁大学人类学系的Roderick McIntosh在2017年10月为“公元1000年前后”研讨班做了两次信息量丰富的讲座；约克大学的Stephanie Wynne-Jones对本章进行了详尽的评论；俄亥俄州迈阿密大学的Matthew Gordon建议我读伊本·布特兰的著作；我还与大英博物馆的Sam Nixon展开了一场有关西非考古最有效的30分钟会议。
1.“哈桑的儿子麦哈麻丁写了”：在与原文进行比较后，Michael Rapoport修改了翻译。Paolo Fernando de Moraes Farias, “Arabic and Tifinagh Inscriptions.” Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town, ed. Sam Nixon (2017)：41—50页提到了描述与分析，48页提到萨赫勒平原的库法体文字，299—303页提到了抄写。De Moraes Farias, “Tadmakkat and the Image of Mecca: Epigraphic Records of the Work of the Imagination in 11th Century West Africa.” Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: The Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference, ed. Timothy Insoll (1999): 105-115.
2.现代的历史学家断然拒绝这种观点：E. W. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors (1968). 大英博物馆的Sam Nixon目前正在研究更广泛的贸易历史。Fran?ois-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages, trans. Troy Tice (2018).
3.……黄金，大约有三分之二：Andrew M. Watson, “Back to Gold-and Silver.” The Economic History Review 20.1 (1967): 1-34, 30n1; Bálint Hóman, Geschichte des ungarischen Mittelalters (1940): 353.
4.水手故事集：布祖格的这种归因可能是错误的。Jean-Charles Ducène, “Une nouvelle source arabe sur l’océan Indien au Xe siècle.” Afriques (2015), online at: http://journals .openedition.org/afriques/1746.
5.奴隶的平均价格：Ralph A. Austen, “The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: A Tentative Census.” The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, ed. Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn (1979): 23-73，其中31页提及努比亚在奴隶贸易中的付出，44—45页提及伊斯兰世界的奴隶劳动，45页提到了津芝人叛乱，52—55页提到了军事奴隶，70页上有奴隶价格数据。
6.第一批反对奴隶制的废奴主义者：David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1967): 484-493.
7.“我可不想再上你的船了”：“Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz: A Tenth-Century Slaving Adventure.” The East African Coast: Select Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Century, ed. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville (1962): 9-13; al-Rāmhurmuzī, Kitāb ‘Ajā’ib al-Hind，法语和阿拉伯语双语版，1883—1886；Michael Rapoport比对了原文，对译文进行了修改；Freeman-Grenville是从法语译文（不是原始的阿拉伯语文献）翻译而来的，他的翻译有很多错误。
8.“……房间以及出售奴隶的商店”：Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam, trans. Salahuddin Khuda Bakhsh and D. S. Margoliouth (1937): 160; al-Ya‘qūbī, Kitāb al-Buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje (1892): 260. See also Matthew S. Gordon, “Abbasid Courtesans and the Question of Social Mobility.” Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (2017): 27-51, 32.
9.奴隶、黄金、象牙和兽皮：Shadreck Chirikure et al., Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy, Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State (2016); Fauvelle-Aymar,Golden Rhinoceros, 136-142.
10.每年生产一吨黄金：Ari Nave, “Gold Trade.” Encyclopedia of Africa (2010): 1: 525-526.
11.数万颗珠子：Peter Garlake, Great Zimbabwe (1973): 109 (Chinese ceramics), 132-133 (beads); Bing Zhao, “Chinese-style Ceramics in East Africa from the 9th to 16th Century: A Case of Changing Value and Symbols in the Multi-Partner Global Trade.” L’Afrique orientale et l’océan Indien: connexions, réseaux d’échanges et globalisation (June 2015)，可在线查看。
12.叛乱分子……提出了重大挑战：Benjamin Reilly, Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula (2015): 130.
13.津芝人叛乱：Alexandre Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century, trans. Léon King (1998): 136, 141页注释10.
14.阿拉伯语“Zanj”：Gabriele Tecchiato, “Zanj.” The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford Islamic Studies Online (2009); E. Savage, “Berbers and Blacks: Ibādī Slave Traffic in Eighth-Century North Africa.” Journal of African History 33.3 (1992): 351-368.
15.15年的自治生活：Gwyn Campbell, “East Africa in the Early Indian Ocean World: The Zanj Revolt Reconsidered.” Early Exchange Between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World, ed. Gwyn Campbell (2016)：275-296，279页提到了津芝人叛乱的意义，281页提到了津芝人的领导者，282页提到了5万叛军，291页，296页提到了有关对东非奴隶人数的怀疑。
16.伊本·布特兰：Floréal Sanagustin, Médecine et société en Islam médiéval: Ibn Butlān ou la connaissance médicale au service de la communauté: le cas de l’esclavage (2010)：233页提到了津芝人的节奏感，234—235页提到了巴卡维的奴隶，237页提到了布特兰的结论。Michael Rapoport根据Ibn But3lān, Risāla fī ?irā’ al-raqīq wa-taqlīb al-‘abīd, in Nawādir al-makht3ūt3āt, Volume 1, ed. Hārūn (1973)，对译文进行了修改：374页提到了津芝人的节奏感，375—376页提到了巴卡维的奴隶，378页提到了布特兰的结论。
17.讽刺：Joseph Schacht and Max Meyerhof, The Medico-Philosophical Controversy Between Ibn Butlan of Baghdad and Ibn Ridwan of Cairo (1937): 18.
18.穆斯林法学家在……上保持一致：Rudolph T. Ware, “Slavery in Islamic Africa, 1400-1800.” The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume 3: 1420-1804, ed. David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman (2011): 47-80.
19.虽然奴隶制很普遍：R. Brunschvig, “Abd.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (2012).
20.奴隶的三个主要来源：Maurice Lombard, The Golden Age of Islam, trans. Joan Spencer (1975): 2：194-203，197页提到了斯拉夫奴隶地图，199页提到了土耳其奴隶地图，202页提到了非洲奴隶地图。
21.骆驼：Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (1975).
22.600名女奴：H. A. R. Gibb (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D.1325-1354 (1994): 4: 975.
23.最轻微的事故：Paul Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery (2012): 35.
24.在公元900年到1100年……每年8700人：Austen, “The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade.” 37 (Table 2.3 Estimates of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450-1600), 40, 66 (Table 2.8 Global Estimate of Trans-Saharan Slave Trade), 67-68.
25.1175万：有关伊斯兰奴隶贸易及其量化研究的最新讨论，请参见Anne Haour, “The Early Medieval Slave Trade of the Central Sahel: Archaeological and Historical Considerations.” Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, ed. Paul J. Lane and Kevin C. MacDonald (2011): 61-78; Roundtable Discussion, “Locating Slavery in Middle Eastern and Islamic History.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 49.1 (2017): 133-172.
26.“他王国的普通民众仍然是多神论者”：“Al-Bakrī.” Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, ed. N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins (1981)：62-87，64页提到用红布换奴隶，65—66页提到西吉尔马萨镇，68—69页提到奥达戈斯特、日期和骆驼军队，79—81页提到加纳，81页提到吉亚鲁的金矿，82页提到雅里斯纳，82—83页提到马拉尔国，83—84页提到石棉，85页提到秃第纳尔；Michael Rapoport根据原文，对译文稍做修改；al-Bakrī, Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-mamālik, eds. van Leeuwen and Ferré (1992)：658页，第1099段提到用红布换奴隶；835—838页，第1393—1399段，840页，第1404段提到西吉尔马萨镇；849—850页，第1417—1420段提到奥达戈斯特、日期和骆驼军队；871—874页，第1455—1461段提到加纳；874页，第1460段提到吉亚鲁的金矿；875页，第1463段提到雅里斯纳；875—876页，第1464段提到马拉尔国；878页，第1469段提到石棉；880页，第1472段提到秃第纳尔。
27.他后来可能……搬到了：Travis Zadeh, Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation, and the ‘Abbāsid Empire (2011): 17 (biography), 23 (Ibn Khurradadhbih’ s preface); 阿拉伯语原序言in Ibn Khurradādhbih, al-Masālik wa-l-mamālik, ed. M. J. de Goeje (1889): 3.
28.他的“道里”因而提供了……旅行时间：Marina A. Tolmacheva, “Geography.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, ed. Josef W. Meri (2006): 1: 284-288.
29.“邦国”指的是：André Miquel, La Géographie humaine du monde Musulman jusqu’au milieu de XIe Siècle, Volumes 1-4 (1967-1988): 1: 267-285.
30.将希腊文、拉丁文、梵文和波斯文的书籍翻译成：Dmitri Gutas, Greek Thought, Arab Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th centuries) (1998).
31.巴格达的工厂：Jonathan Bloom, Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (2001).
32.“哈里发”一词的意思是“继任者”：Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate: The History of an Idea (2016): 1-31.
33.哈瓦利吉派：Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers at the Origins of Islam (2012): 163-170.
34.在穆斯林统治的头两个世纪：Richard W. Bulliet, “Conversion to Islam and the Emergence of a Muslim Society in Iran.” Conversion to Islam, ed. Nehemia Levtzion (1979): 30-51; Elton L. Daniel, “Conversion ii: Of Iranians to Islam.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (2011).
35.福斯塔特的总督：Michael Bonner, “The Waning of Empire, 861-945.” The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, ed. Chase F. Robinson (2010): 305-359.
36.接管了整个埃及的税收工作：Thierry Banquis, “Autonomous Egypt from Ibn T3ūlūn to Kāfūr, 868-969.” The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517, ed. Carl F. Petry (1998)：86-119，91—92页提到了伊本·图伦的身份，98页提到了其军队的组成，103页提到了反基督教徒。
37.“希腊人”……总称：Michael Brett, “Egypt.” Robinson, ed., The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: 541-580, 558-559.
38.白益统治者将哈里发囚禁：Hugh Kennedy, “The late ‘Abbāsid Pattern, 945-1050.” Robinson, The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1：360-393，361页提到了共有的传统，361—362页提到了琐罗亚斯德教复兴的失败，365页提到了公元945年的事件，387页提到了“穆斯林联邦”，387—393页提到了逊尼派和什叶派的分裂。
39.“胜利者”：Jonathan M. Bloom, Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt (2007): 54-59.
40.法蒂玛哈里发哈基姆：Matthieu Tillier, “Droit et messianisme chez les Fatimides de l’an 1000”，2019年9月9日—14日，法国特蕾莱举办了关于公元1000年历史的会议，该文是参会论文（未正式发表）。Jonathan Bloom, “Nāsir Khusraw’s Description of Jerusalem.” No Tapping Around Philology: A Festschrift in Honor of Wheeler McIntosh Thackston Jr.’s 70th Birthday, ed. Alireza Korangy and Daniel J. Sheffield (2014): 395-406; Paul E. Walker, The Caliph of Cairo: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 996-1021 (2009): 200-204, 260-261.
41.慰问信：S. D. Goitein, “Slaves and Slavegirls in the Cairo Geniza Records.” Arabica 9.1 (1962): 1-20.
42.人口约50万：Jonathan P. Berkey, “Culture and Society During the Late Middle Ages.” Petry, The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: 379-380.
43.雕刻精美的象牙盒子：Sarah M. Guérin, “The Tusk.” The Salerno Ivories: Objects, Histories, Contexts, ed. Francesca dell’Aqua (2016):21-28.
44.针对阿马尔菲商人的暴动：Yaacov Y. Lev, “The Fatimid State and Egypt’s Mediterranean Trade, 10th-12th Centuries.” East and West: Essays on Byzantine and Arab Worlds in the Middle Ages, ed. Juan Pedro Monferrer-Sala et al. (2009): 121-125, 123; S. D. Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders (1973): 39-44; S. D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Volume 1 (1967): 46, 49; Claude Cahen, “Un text peu connu relative au commerce oriental d’Amalfi au Xe siècle.” Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, n.s. 34 (1953-1954): 3-8.
45.5月5日发生的一场大火……烧毁了：据另一则史料，火灾发生在5月16日，烧毁了5艘船。显然，其中有个说法是错误的，但没人知道是哪一个。
46.在那里，“巫师……”：根据巴克里的说法，该城镇在6阿拉伯米（Arabic mīl）外，1阿拉伯米约含2000米。参见Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski, Measures and Weights in the Islamic World: An English translation of Walther Hinz’s Handbook Islamische Masse und Gewichte (2002): 92。
47.多个首都：Conrad Leyser, Naomi Standen, and Stephanie Wynne-Jones, “Settlement, Landscape and Narrative: What Really Happened in History.” The Global Middle Ages, ed. Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, Past and Present, Supplement 13 (2018): 232-260, 237. 另请见R. A. Mauny, “The Question of Ghana”, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 24.3 (1954): 200-213, 205-207。
48.吉亚鲁：Nehemia Levtzion, Ancient Ghana and Mali (1973)：26页提到了尼日尔河的埋葬地，43—47页提到了加纳的衰落，132页提到了黄金交易的高峰，155页提到了金矿的位置。
49.尼罗河：Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding (eds.), Medieval West Africa: Views from Arab Scholars and Merchants (2003): xi.
50.尼日尔河河湾：Levtzion and Hopkins, ed., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, 387页注释53.
51.10万颗的进口玻璃珠和玛瑙珠：Thurston Shaw, Unearthing Igbo-Ukwu: Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria (1977)：42—43页提及储藏室的文物，58—59页提到墓室里的文物。Thurston Shaw, Igbo-Ukwu: An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria, Volumes 1-2 (1970): 1: 237-239.
52.原材料……新贸易路线：Frank Willett, “Who Taught the Smiths of Igbo Ukwu?” New Scientist (April 14, 1983): 65-68; Paul T. Craddock et al., “Metal Sources and the Bronzes from Igbo-Ukwu.” Journal of Field Archaeology 24.4 (1997): 405-429.
53.只有大量的人口：Roderick McIntosh, “Jenne-Jeno, Year 1000: Yale’s Explorations Along the Niger.” 2017年10月9日，耶鲁大学开展的“公元1000年前后”研讨班活动。
54.用作香料，而不是甜味剂：Paul Freedman, Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination (2008): 12-13.
55.主要的商业和农业中心：Levtzion and Hopkins, ed., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, 62-63.
56.他们三分之一的财产：E. Ann McDougall, “The View from Awdaghust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Century.” Journal of African History 26.1 (1985): 1-31, 17.
57.打击了哈瓦利吉派的势力：Ousmane Oumar Kane, Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa (2016): 46.
58.把黄金和奴隶运到北方：Ronald A. Messier and James A. Miller, The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny (2015)：110页提到了三角贸易，110页提到了每年为穆拉比德和萨拉丁王朝提供3～4吨黄金，111—115页提到了穆拉比德硬币。Jean Devisse, “Or d’Afrique.” Arabica 43 (1996): 234-243.
59;铸造这种金币的模具：Sam Nixon and Thilo Rehren, “Gold Processing Remains.” Sam Nixon, ed., Essouk-Tadmekka, 174-187, 176 (Figure 15.2: coin mold)，185—187页提到了巴克里。
60.铜棒：T. Monod, “Le ?Ma‘aden Ijāfen?: une épave caravanière ancienne dans la Majabat al-Koubra.” Actes du 1er Colloque International d’Archéologie Africaine (1967): 286-320.
61.西非对……商品的需求：A.C. Christie and Anne Haour, “The ‘Lost Caravan’ of the Ma’den Ijafen Revisited: Re-appraising Its Cargo of Cowries, a Medieval Global Commodity.” Journal of African Archaeology 16.2 (2018): 125-144.
62.查理大帝：James E. Alleman and Brooke T. Mossman, “Asbestos Revisited.” Scientific American 277.1 (1997): 70-75.
63.希罗多德：Timothy F. Garrard, “Myth and Metrology: The Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade.” Journal of African History 23.4 (1982): 443-461.
64.“双方都是非常诚实的”：Herodotus, The Histories, trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt (1996): 4: 277.
65.“希望买方加价”：al-Mas‘ūdī in Levtzion and Hopkins, ed., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, 32; al-Mas‘ūdī, Murūj al-dhabhab, Volume 2, ed. ‘Abd al-H3amīd (1958): 261.
66.那些没有亲眼看到实际交易的作者：P. F. de Moraes Farias, “Silent Trade: Myth and Historical Evidence.” History in Africa 1 (1974): 9-24.
67.关于无声交易的古老神话：Yāqūt, in Levtzion and Hopkins, ed., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, 11.
68.气候变化：Sebastian Lüning et al., “Hydroclimate in Africa During the Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 495 (2018): 309-322; George E. Brooks, “A Provisional Historical Schema for Western Africa Based on Seven Climate Periods (ca. 9000 B.C. to the 19th Century).” Cahiers d’études Africaines 101.2 (1986): 43-62.
69.马匹的数量持续增长：Roderick J. McIntosh, Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape (2005): 177.
70.3～4吨黄金：Ari Nave, “Gold Trade.” Encyclopedia of Africa (2010): 1: 525-526.
71.开罗金价的下跌：请参见Levtzion and Hopkins, ed., Corpusof Early Arabic Sources for West African History中收录的有关Al-‘Umarī著作的内容，262页提到了杜卡利关于金矿开采的解释，269页提到了用100辆车装载，271页提到了黄金价格下跌，272页提到了黄金开采；Michael Rapoport根据al-‘Umarī, Mamlakat Mālī主编的S3alāh3 al-Dīn al-Munajjid (1963), 45-67修改了译文。
72.13～18吨的黄金：这些估算是基于曼萨·穆萨随身携带80～100车黄金旅行的说法，每车黄金约合152.4千克。他的500名奴隶携带的黄金重达0.9吨。Michael Gomez, African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa (2018): 106.
74.热带：Peter Russell, Prince Henry the Navigator (2001)：109—134页提到了博哈多尔角的航行，256页提到了1444年的俘虏游行，258页提到了1460年前的非洲奴隶人数。
74.埃尔米纳：Ivor Wilks, Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Assante (1993); Peter L. Bernstein, The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession (2012): 118.
75.价格波动：Pierre Vilar, A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920, trans. Judith White (1976)：19页提到了8立方米的空间，56页提到了1500—1520年黄金出口到欧洲。
76.旺加拉人：Ivor Wilks, “Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.” Journal of African History 23.3 (1982): 333-349; Wilks翻译了原版P. de Cenival and Th. Monod的Description de la C?te d’Afrique de Ceuta au Sénégal par Valentim Fernandes (1506-1507) (1938): 84-87。
77.大西洋奴隶贸易：Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, 36-37 (Table 2.3 Estimates of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450-1600)，40页提到了大西洋贸易。
第6章 中亚一分为二
感谢伯明翰大学的Arezou Azad、Lance Pursey和史怀梅，以及牛津大学的George E. Malagaris、Irina Shingira对本章的帮助。
1.直到16世纪以后：Hugh Kennedy, Mongols, Huns, and Vikings: Nomads at War (2002): 208-211.
2.大约每天24公里：John Masson Smith, Jr., “From Pasture to Manger: The Evolution of Mongol Cavalry Logistics in Yuan China and Its Consequences.” Pferde in Asien: Geschichte, Handel und Kultur, ed. Bert G. Fragner et al. (2009): 63-73; “‘Ayn Jālūt.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44.2 (1984): 307-345，其中335页提到出行率，336页提到新鲜食草的消耗；2018年9月21日，与柏林勃兰登堡科学与人文科学院吐鲁番研究项目的博士后学者MartónVer的电子邮件。另见Ashleigh N. Deluca, “World’s Toughest Horse Race Retraces Genghis Khan’s Postal Route.” National Geographic News (August 7, 2014)。
3.60万银币：Peter B. Golden, “The Karakhanids and Early Islam.” The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (1990): 347; Ibn Khurradādhbih, Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-mamālik, ed. M. J. de Goeje (1889): 37, 39.
4.训练军事奴隶：Peter B. Golden, Central Asia in World History (2011): 66.
5.波斯语：Michael Bonner, “The Waning of Empire, 861-945.” The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, ed. Chase F. Robinson (2010): 305-359，344页提到了萨曼的奴隶，345页提到了波斯语的使用，346页提到了萨曼人的逊尼派信仰。
6.《世界境域志》：V. Minorsky, H3udūd al-‘ālam, “The Regions of the World.” A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.—982 A.D. (1937): 3-44.
7.这种语言……越来越受欢迎：David Durand-Guédy, “Une ‘mutation de l’An mil’ en Iran?” 2019年9月9日—14日，法国特蕾莱举办了关于公元1000年历史的会议，该文是参会论文（未正式发表）。
8.在布哈拉待了两年：C. Edmund Bosworth, “Bīruˉn ī, Abū Rayhān i. Life.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (1989).
9.叙利亚基督徒在印度：David Pingree, “ātār al-bāqīa.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (2011).
10.比鲁尼的文章紧凑而富有条理：1879年完成的最新完整译本抓住了原作的复杂风格。Al-Biruni, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, trans. and ed. C. Edward Sachau (1879)：5页提到了一天的长度，13页提到了犹太日历，312页提到了叙利亚基督徒。
11.穆斯林用阳历：Reza Abdollahy, “Calendars, ii. in the Islamic Period.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (1990).
12.“马德拉沙”：Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volume 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (1974): 3-61, 255-292.
13.73所不同的马德拉沙：J. Pederson et al., “Madrasa.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (2012).
14.许多女性学者：Ruth Roded, Women in the Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Sacd to Who’s Who (1994): 3 (Table 1), 12.
15.萨曼王朝的统治形同虚设：Elton L. Daniel, “The Islamic East.” Robinson, ed., The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: 448-505, 503-504.
16.“国之右臂”：C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994-1040 (1963)：46页提到了马哈茂德的阿拔斯哈里发头衔，126—128页提到了军队规模。
17.送礼人的个人气味：Finbarr B. Flood, Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval “Hindu-Muslim” Encounter (2009): 76-77.
18.马哈茂德统治了：H. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth, The Eclipse of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate (1920-1921): II: 328-329; Hugh Kennedy “The Late ‘Abbāsid Pattern.” Robinson, ed., The New Cambridge History of Islam, 1: 390.
19.马哈茂德还是提倡使用波斯语：Viola Allegranzi, Aux sources de la poésie ghaznévide. Les inscriptions persanes de Ghazni (2 vols.) (2019): 1: 207-218.
20.反对非穆斯林群体的运动：C. Edmund Bosworth, “Asfī-jāb.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (2011).
21.伽色尼王朝的主要目标：David Morgan, Medieval Persia, 1040-1797 (1988): 22.
22.掠夺穆斯林聚居的城市：Kennedy, “The Late ‘Abbāsid Pattern”: 360-393，370—373页提及伽色尼人的逊尼派信仰，376—377页提到了索姆纳特。
23.几个不同的信仰印度教的国王：Flood, Objects of Translation，4页提到了马哈茂德军队中的印度教教徒，78—79页提到了加兹纳的印度教区域，79—86页提到了与印度教统治者结盟。
24.直到13世纪：Abū l-Fad3l Bayhaqī, The History of Beyhaqi (The History of Sultan Mascud of Ghazna, 1030-1040), trans. C. E. Bosworth (2011): I: 8-9.
25.对索姆纳特的湿婆神庙：André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 2: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries (1997)：294-333，294页提到了马哈茂德领地之外的皈依，327—328页。
26.最具争议的洗劫之一：Romila Thapar, Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History (2004).
27.摧毁了主神湿婆的神像：Al-Bīrūnī, Alberuni’s India, trans. Edward Sachau (1887): 2: 103-104.
28.拉什卡尔巴扎：Finbarr Barry Flood, “Painting, Monumental and Frescoes.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, ed. Joseph W. Meri (2006): 586-589; Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une résidence royale ghaznévide et ghoride (Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique fran?aise en Afghanistan, Volume 18, Part 1) (1983); Martina Rugiadi, “The Ghaznavid Marble Architectural Decoration: An Overview”，可从web.mit.edu获得。
29.喀喇汗王朝：现存史料中显示为“Kara Khans”，即“黑色的领袖”，因此也被称为黑汗王朝。Peter Golden, “The Origins of the Karakhanids.” The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, ed. Denis Sinor (1990)：354页提及哈喇汗王朝的名字，363页提到了征服花剌子模。
30.萨图克·博格拉汗：Michal Biran, “The Qarakhanids’ Eastern Exchange: Preliminary Notes on the Silk Roads in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries.” Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE, ed. Jan Bemmann (2015): 575-596, 578.
31.于阗：Valerie Hansen, The Silk Road: A New History with Documents (2016): 368-371，该书中文版《丝绸之路新史》已由北京联合出版公司出版。William Samolin, East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century: A Brief Politic al Survey (1964): 81.
32.“我们像……他们淹没”：Mah3mūd al-Kā?Γarī, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects, ed. and trans. Robert Dankoff and James Kelly, Volume 1 (1982): 270.
33.长达几个世纪的斗争：Abolqasem Ferdowsi, Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings, trans. Dick Davis (2016).
34.波斯统治者的宿敌：C. E. Bosworth, “Barbarian Invasions: The Coming of the Turks into the Islamic World.” Islamic Civilisation, 950-1150, ed. D. S. Richards (1973): 1-16.
35.对马哈茂德进行了深刻的批评：Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, “Ferdowsi, Abu’l-Qāsem, i.Life.” Encyclop?dia Iranica (2012).
36.阿维森纳：William E. Gohlman, The Life of Ibn Sina: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation (1974): 41.
37.把女儿嫁给：Valerie Hansen, “International Gifting and the Kitan World, 907-1125.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 273-302, 288-289.
38.佛教教义：Lothar Ledderose, “Changing the Audience: A Pivotal Period in the Great Sutra Carving Project at Cloud Dwelling Monastery Near Beijing.” Religion and Chinese Society, ed. John Lagerwey, Volume 1 (2004): 385-409.
39.阿保机……将自己的统治追溯到：Denis Twitchett（杜希德）, “The Liao’s Changing Perceptions of Its T’ang Heritage.” The Historian, His Readers, and the Passage of Time: The Fu Ssu-nien Memorial Lectures, 1996 (1997): 31-54。
40.“世选制”：Joseph Fletcher, “The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspectives.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46.1 (1988): 11-50, 17.
41.不同的群体聚集在辽朝社会：Pamela Crossley, “Outside In: Power, Identity, and the Han Lineage of Jizhou.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 51-89.
42.只有部分能被破译：Daniel Kane, “Introduction, Part 2: An Update on Deciphering the Kitan Language and Scripts.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 11-25.
43.澶渊之盟：柳立言，“Waging War for Peace? The Peace Accord Between the Song and the Liao in AD 1005.” Warfare in Chinese History, ed. Hans van de Ven（方德万）(2000): 183-221, 213.
44.银10万两：当时1两相当于37.3克，比英国的度量盎司高三分之一，1盎司相当于28克。在1042年，付款增加到银20万两、丝30万匹。
45.2000锭：沈雪曼(ed.), Gilded Splendor: Treasures of China’s Liao Empire (907-1125) (2006): 363; Brian Thomas Vivier, “Chinese Foreign Trade, 960-1276”，耶鲁大学博士学位论文(2008): Figure 1.2.
46.福冈：Richard von Glahn（万志英）, “The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74.2 (2014): 249-279; Bruce L. Batten, Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300 (2006): 40；2018年12月18日，与李怡文的电子邮件。
47.送给辽朝王室的礼物：Hansen, “International Gifting and the Kitan World, 907-1125”, 273-302.
48.工匠（通常是汉人）：2009年5月9日，辽上京博物馆，与邹彤的私人交流。
49.松树香味：Jenny F. So, “Scented Trails: Amber as Aromatic in Medieval China.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd Series, 23.1 (2013): 85-101, 94-95.
50.“斯拉夫海”：Vladimir Minorsky (trans.), Sharah al-Zaman Tahir: Marvazi on China, the Turks, and India: Arabic Text with an English Translation and Commentary (1942)：16—17页提到了向中国出口，19—21页提到了书信的翻译，78页提到了突厥语作为外交语言。
51.原产于北欧的波罗的海地区：Curt W. Beck and Edith C. Stout, “Amber from Liaoning Province and Liao Amber Artifacts.” Adornment for the Body and Soul: Ancient Chinese Ornaments from the Mengdiexuan Collection, ed. E. C. Bunker et al. (1999): 167-172；许晓东，《中国古代琥珀艺术》，2011。
52.贸易就恢复了：Sem Vermeersch, A Chinese Traveler in Medieval Korea: Xu Jing’s Illustrated Account of the Xuanhe Embassy to Koryǒ (2016): 14-39.
53.辽国公主：Biran, “The Qarakhanids’ Eastern Exchange”, 578.
54.回鹘：当时有两个回鹘王国；以吐鲁番为据点的回鹘王国似乎更有可能将特使一路带到阿富汗。（位于甘州的回鹘王国在1028年被入侵和摧毁。）参见Minorsky, Marvazi, 77-78。
55.khutu：Anya King, “Early Islamic Sources on the Kitan Liao: The Role of Trade.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 253-271, 262-263.
56.“马哈茂德气概非凡，威严显赫”：这里依据的是Minorsky的翻译，Michael Rapoport进行了修改。
57.麝香：Anya H. King, Scent from the Garden of Paradise: Musk and the Medieval Islamic World (2017); James Cave, “You Don’t Even Want to Know Where Musk Comes From.” HuffPost, February 24, 2016.
58.人们可能认为契丹人已经皈依了伊斯兰教：Andreas Kaplony, “The Conversion of the Turks of Central Asia to Islam as Seen by Arabic and Persian Geography: A Comparative Perspective.” étienne de la Vaissière, Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (2008): 319-338; Michal Biran,The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World (2005): 196-201.
59.“还剩七年”：这是Mimi Yiengpruksawan的翻译，我用英文名称代替了佛教中时代的称法。Mimi Yiengpruksawan, “Countdown to 1051.” Texts and Transformations: Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Victor Mair, ed. Haun Saussy (2018)：369-434，376页提到了京都的灾难，379—380页提到了北京市房山区云居寺，380页提到了北塔上的译文，386—394页提到了不同日历，394页提到了高丽朝廷的契丹使节，402—404页提到了日本与辽朝的合约，406页提到了日食。
60.供品放在……隔间里：D. Max Moerman, “The Archeology of Anxiety: An Underground History of Heian Religion.” Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries, ed. Mikael Adolphson et al. (2007): 245-271.
61.包括珍珠：辽宁省文物考古研究所、朝阳市北塔博物馆编《朝阳北塔：考古发掘与维修工程报告》（2007），插图48。
62.统治至1058年：William H. McCullough, “The Heian Court, 795-1070.” The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2: Heian Japan, ed. William H. McCullough and Donald H. Shively (1999): 20-96, 67-80.
63.15部佛经：李怡文，“Networks of Profit and Faith: Spanning the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, 838-1403.” 耶鲁大学博士学位论文（2017）：80页，85—86页提到了藤原道长，112—113页提到了辽朝的经筒。
64.非官方的贸易区：“Chinese Objects Recovered from Sutra Mounds in Japan, 1000-1300.” Visual and Material Cultures in Middle Period China, ed. Patricia Buckley Ebrey and 黄士珊(2017): 284-318.
65.高丽的历法专家：Yannick Bruneton, “Astrologues et devins du Koryǒ (918-1392): une analyse de l’histoire officielle.” Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident, no. 35 (2013): 45-81.
66.不同寻常的金属物：Mimi Yiengpruksawan, “A Pavilion for the Amitabha.” Buddhist Transformations and Interactions, ed. Victor H.Mair (2017): 401-516, 447-452.
67.把更多的战利品分给了：Igor de Rachewiltz, The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (2004).
68.世界史：Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350 (1989). 该书中文版《欧洲霸权之前：1250—1350年的世界体系》已由商务印书馆出版。
69.黑死病：James Belich, “The Black Death and the Spread of Europe.” The Prospect of Global History, ed. James Belich et al. (2016).
第7章 令人惊讶的旅程
下列学者帮助我完成了本章的工作，他们或向我提供了材料，或是与我讨论了问题，或是帮我批改了草稿，他们是西北大学历史系的Haydon Cherry，赫尔大学东南亚研究中心名誉教授Jan Wisseman Christie，纽约大学历史系的David Ludden，纽卡斯尔大学历史教授R. I. Moore，牛津大学印度教研究中心的Himanshu Prabha Ray，以及AcademicEditorial.com的Charles Wheeler。
1.季风：Himanshu Prabha Ray, “Seafaring in the Bay of Bengal in the Early Centuries AD.” Studies in History 6.1 (1990): 1-14.
2.欧亚大陆温度升高：Sunil S. Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (2013): 10-13.
3.跨越开阔的海洋：Gwyn Campbell, “Africa and the Early Indian Ocean World Exchange System in the Context of Human-Environment Interaction.” Early Exchange Between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World, ed. Gwyn Campbell (2016): 3. 另见Sunil Gupta关于非洲和印度的交流的文章。
4.岛上的语言，即马达加斯加语：Claude Allibert, “Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization.” Diogenes 55.2 (2008): 7-16; Ann Kumar, “‘The Single Most Astonishing Fact of Human Geography’: Indonesia’s Far West Colony.” Indonesia 92 (2011): 59-96.
5.一直远行至马达加斯加岛：Peter Bellwood, First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia (2017): 231; Peter Bellwood, “The Austronesians in History: Common Origins and Diverse Transformations.” The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, ed. Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon (1995): 1-16.
6.2433粒烧焦的种子：Alison Crowther et al., “Ancient Crops Provide First Archaeological Signature of the Westward Austronesian Expansion.” Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 113.24 (June 14, 2016): 6635-6640.
7.以稻米为主食：Nicole Boivin et al., “East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean World.” Journal of World Prehistory 26.3 (2013): 213-281.
8.图帕亚：Anne Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: Captain Cook in the South Seas (2003): 38, 110.
9.皮埃尔-伊夫·曼金：“Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean:From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships.” Campbell, ed., Early Exchange：51-76，59—60页提到了井里汶沉船，62页提到拼板船技术，65页提到失事船只的位置。
10.“帕侬素林号”沉船：Lisa Niziolek et al., “Revisiting the Date of the Java Sea Shipwreck from Indonesia.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (May 2018): 781-790; Horst Hubertus Liebner, “The Siren of Cirebon: A Tenth-Century Trading Vessel Lost in the Java Sea.” 利兹大学博士学位论文（2014）。