11.“长纪年”……“短纪年”……:Janet M. Wilmshurst et al., “High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Shows Recent and Rapid Initial Human Colonization of East Polynesia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.5 (February 1, 2011): 1815-1820.
12.逐渐消失的传统:Ben Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey Through Polynesia (1994).
13.完全不使用航海仪器:Steve Thomas, The Last Navigator: A Young Man, an Ancient Mariner, the Secrets of the Sea (1997).
14.人口密度很低:Anthony Reid, “Low Population Growth and Its Causes in Pre-Colonial Southeast Asia.” Death and Disease in Southeast Asia: Explorations in Social, Medical and Demographic History, ed. Norman G. Owen (1987): 33-47, 36.
15.习惯于从一个地方搬到另一个地方:M. C. Ricklefs (ed.), A New History of Southeast Asia (2010):8—10页提到了早期社会结构,21页提到了印度碑文,30页,61—64页提到了三佛齐国,40—42页提到了吴哥,43页提到了神庙国家的模式。
16.对转轮圣王的崇拜:John E. Cort, Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History (1998): 98.
17.气球:“气球国家”一说的形象借鉴了Burton Stein在其 History of India(1998)一书中对“分立国家”的描述,20页,以及O. W.Wolters在其History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives(1999)一书中的“曼荼罗国家”概念,27—28页。
18.印度南端的注辇国:Jan Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-Language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China.” Southeast Asian Archaeology, 1994, ed. Pierre-Yves Manguin (1998):241页提及注辇的崛起,244页提及公元883年的碑文,244—245页提及交易目的地的转移,246页提及改变商人社区的组成,249页提及经济衰退,第254页提及注辇突袭东南亚。
19.密宗:Andrea Acri, “Introduction: Esoteric Buddhist Networks Along the Maritime Silk Routes, 7th-13th Century AD.” Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia, ed. Andrea Acri (2016):1-25,4页提及神秘的佛教修行,7页提及《易经》,16页的Map 1.1: Paths traveled by the monks;筱原亨一, Spells, Images, and Mandalas: Tracing the Evolution of Esoteric Buddhist Rituals(2014): 194-204.
20.宋朝史书:《宋史》卷四八九《外国五》,第14088页。
21.乳香和檀香的垄断:朱彧《萍洲可谈》,宋元笔记丛书(1989),第1卷,第2页。
22.1000艘船只:O. W. Wolters, “Studying ?rīvijaya.” Early Souteast Asia: Selected Essays, ed. Craig J. Reynolds (2008): 77-108,92-94; “Restudying Some Chinese Writings on Sriwijaya.” 109-147, 在同一卷中。
23.独桅三角帆船……的主要制造中心:朴贤熙, Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-modern Asia (2013): 30—31页提到独桅三角帆船,69—70页, 219页注释58提到了黄巢起义。
24.“帕侬素林号”沉船:John Guy, “The Phanom Surin Shipwreck, a Pahlavi Inscription, and Their Significance for the History of Early Lower Central Thailand.” Journal of the Siam Society 105 (2017): 179-196.
25.有关沉船的展览:Michael Flecker, “The Ethics, Politics, and Realities of Maritime Archaeology in Southeast Asia.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 31.1 (2002): 12-24; Michael Flecker, “A Ninth-Century AD Arab or Indian Shipwreck in Indonesia: First Evidence for Direct Trade with China.” World Archaeology 32.3 (2001): 335-354.
26.“勿里洞号”:Regina Krahl (ed.), Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds (2011): 36;可在线获取文章。
27.以阿拔斯帝国的陶瓷为模型:John W. Chaffee(贾志扬), The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of an Asian Maritime Trade Diaspora, 750-1400(2018): 29。
28.中国陶瓷质量上乘:Arthur Lane, Early Islamic Pottery: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia (1947): 31.
29.为了应对中国陶瓷的挑战:Robert B. J. Mason, Shine Like the Sun: Lustre-Painted and Associated Pottery from the Medieval Middle East (2004):2页提及如何制作餐具,31页提及最早模仿中国陶瓷的巴士拉瓷器的年代,第158页提到公元800年以后,从东非海岸和非洲之角发掘出了巴士拉的光瓷。
30.唐朝皇帝……的礼物:Fran?ois Louis, “Metal Objects on the Belitung Shipwreck.” Krahl, ed., Shipwrecked, 85-91.
31.商船的石刻浮雕:John N. Miksic, Borobudur: Majestic, Mysterious, Magnificent (2010).
32.夏连特拉王朝:Kenneth R. Hall, History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500 (2011): 125-126.
33.火山爆发或地震:Jan Wisseman Christie, “Revisiting Early Mataram.” Fruits of Inspiration: Studies in Honour of Prof. J. G. de Casparis, ed. M. J. Klokke and K. R. van Kooij (2001): 25-56, 47.
34.佛陀……拯救了一艘船:August Johan Bernet Kempers, Ageless Borobudur: Buddhist Mystery in Stone, Decay and Restoration, Mendut and Pawon, Folklife in Ancient Java (1976): 109-119,插图32, 79页,201页提到了关于船的描述;2018年10月24日,与Himanshu Ray的私人交流。
35.女性小贩多于:Jan Wisseman Christie, “Javanese Markets and the Asian Sea Trade Boom of the Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries A.D.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 41.3 (1998):344—381页,348页提到了商会,350页提到了市场管理官员,352—353页提到了黑胡椒和红花,356页提到了陶瓷工人,360页提到了女摊贩,360页提到了中国钱币的进口和复制。
36.没有证据能表明长途奴隶交易的存在:2018年12月10日,与Jan Wisseman Christie的电子邮件。参见她的“Preliminary Notes on Debt and Credit in Early Island Southeast Asia.” Credit and Debt in Indonesia, 860-1930: From Peonage to Pawnshop, from Kongsi to Cooperative, ed. D. Henley and P. Boomgaard (2009): 41-60, 178-190。
37.并未看到过佛教和印度教之间发生冲突:2018年3月30日,与Anthony Reid的私人交流。
38.终端用户:G. F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (1951, 1995): 89-105.
39.一组人……收割某种作物:Dato Dr Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, Volume 4 (1998): 76.
40.整个地区的贸易发展开始放缓:Geoff Wade, “An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900-1300 CE.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40.2 (2009): 221-265.
41.被杀害的外国人:贾志扬在The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of an Asian Maritime Trade Diaspora, 750—1400中对这些数字提出了强烈怀疑,48页;另见Howard Levy, Biography of Huang Ch’ao, Chinese Dynastic History Translations 5 (1961): 109—121页提到了阿拉伯史料; 韩森The Silk Road: A New History with Documents (2016): 266-267,该书中文版《丝绸之路新史》已由北京联合出版公司出版。
42.许多穆斯林商人已决定撤出中国:贾志扬, The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of an Asian Maritime Trade Diaspora, 750-1400,52.
43.最重要的贸易伙伴:O. W. Wolters, “Tambralinga.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 21.3 (1958): 587-607, 605;《宋会要辑稿》蕃夷7:20b(上海古籍出版社点校本,2014),第16册,第9948页。
44.他们对……的控制则要弱得多:David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (1985).
45.遥远的南亚国家与东南亚国家:Gokul Seshadri, “New Perspectives on Nagapattinam.” Nagapattinam to Suvanadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, ed. Hermann Kulke et al. (2009): 121-128; Peter Schalk (ed.), Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-Colonial Tamilakam and Ilam, Volume 2 (2002): 513-670, 596.
46.罗阇一世入侵:George W. Spencer, The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Srivijaya (1983):5—6页提到了征服的结果,第34页提到了罗阇一世的入侵,44页提到了拉金德拉的恒河战役,60页提到了商业税,64页提到了从斯里兰卡撤军,144—145页提到了与其他国家的联系。
47.“注辇人占领了马赫西”:Spencer, The Politics of Expansion, 54-56,翻译了斯里兰卡历史上题为Cūlavam3sa的一段原文: 55.16-22。
48.视注辇国为强大国家:Hermann Kulke, “The Naval Expeditions of the Cholas in the Context of Asian History.” Kulke et al, ed., Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa,以及辛岛昇和Tansen Sen(沈丹森)撰写的论文。
49.“拉金德拉派出许多船只”:Spencer, Politics of Expansion, 138-139,引用了K. A. Nilakanta Sastri的Sri Vijiya中的翻译,80页。
50.说服注辇统治者放弃印度教:Kulke et al., ed., Nagapattinam to Suvanadwipa, 12.
51.拉金德拉的文士们对……的详细了解:A. Meenakshisundararajan, “Rajendra Chola’s Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast Asia.” Kulke et al., ed., Nagapattinam to Suvanadwipa, 168-177, 170.另见同书扉页上的地图。
52.一份来自迈索尔的……碑文:Burton Stein, “Coromandel Trade in Medieval India.” Merchants & Scholars: Essays in the History of Exploration and Trade Collected in Memory of James Ford Bell, ed. John Parker (1965): 49-62; N. A. Nilakanta Sastri, “A Tamil Merchant-guild in Sumatra.” Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde 72 (1932): 314-327, 322-324.
53.“像大象一样”:John Guy, “Tamil Merchant Guilds and the Quan-zhou Trade.” The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000-1400, ed. Angela Schottenhammer (2001):283-308,291页提到了东南亚早期的泰米尔语碑文,293页提到了巴罗什、苏门答腊的行会,294页提到了雇用雇佣军,295—296页提到了泉州的泰米尔语碑文,296—302页提到了寺庙遗存。
54.注辇国的实力日渐萎缩:沈丹森,Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 (2003): 224.
55.臣民还会向……供奉祭品:Michael D. Coe and Damian Evans, Angkor and the Khmer Civilization (2003, 2018):11页提到了遗址的规模,116页提到了吴哥文明的特征,163页提到了第三窟的大小,188页提到了周达观关于进出口的记录,189页提到了捕猎翠鸟,209页提到了进口中国陶瓷,212—214页提到了纺织品和服装,239页提到了后古典的特征。
56.激光雷达:Julia Wallace, “Cambodia’s Hidden Cities: Aerial Laser Imaging.” New York Times (September 20, 2016): D1, D5.
57.住宅鳞次栉比:Roland Fletcher et al., “Angkor Wat: An Introduction.” Antiquity 89.348 (2015): 1388-1401, 1396.
58.吴哥窟人口:Damian Evans and Roland Fletcher, “The Landscape of Angkor Wat Redefined.” Antiquity 89.348 (2015): 1402-1419, 1410-1411.
59.最早出现穆斯林坟墓:M. C. Ricklefs, Mystic Synthesis in Java: A History of Islamicization from the Fourteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries (2006): 12-21.
60.周达观:周达观《真腊风土记校注》,中华书局校注本,2000,141—142页提到了地方产品,148页提到了中国商品;周达观《真腊风土记》(The Customs of Cambodia),Michael Smithies英译本(2001):59—60页提到了地方产品,63页提到了中国商品。
61.位于……重要贸易航线上:李塔娜, “A View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 37.1 (2006): 83-102, 95-96; 桃木至朗, “Dai Viet and the South China Sea Trade: From the 10th to the 15th Century.” Crossroads 12.1 (1998): 1-34, 20.
62.云敦岛:John K. Whitmore, “Van ?n, the ‘Ma3c Gap’, and the End of the Jiaozhi Ocean System.” The Tongking Gulf Through History, ed. Nola Cooke et al. (2011): 101-116.
63.在云敦岛附近设立了一个专门用来收集珍珠的珠场:John K. Whitmore, Vietnam, H Quy Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421) (1985): 112.
64.时人是这样描述的:山本达郎, “Van-don: A Trade Port in Vietnam”, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 39 (1981):1-32,5页提到了中国服装和饮食,10页提到了养珠与捕鱼结合。这是出自Tōhō Gakuhō 9(1939)中第277—309页的日语文章的译文;原文见于陈伟文编《钦定越史通鉴纲目》,台北:“中央”图书馆,1969,第13卷,第1549—1550页。
第8章 世界上最全球化的地方
感谢普林斯顿大学的Anna Shields和哥伦比亚大学的Robert Hymes(韩明士),让我有机会在普林斯顿大学举行的2018年唐宋转型研究会上介绍本章的初稿。The Journal of the Song-Yuan Studies杂志的编辑Ari Levine(李瑞)将这篇文章的草稿发送给了两位匿名评论者,他们提供了许多有用的建议。耶鲁大学的陈元、David Porter,香港城市大学的李怡文,大英博物馆的Helen Wang(王海伦),也提出了宝贵的建议。
1.中国人会大量购买一些常用商品:Angela Schottenhammer(萧婷), “China’s Emergence as a Maritime Power.” The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part 2: Sung China, 960-1279, 贾志扬和杜希德主编:437-525, 512-518.
2.藤席:Dato Dr Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman(ed.), The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, Volume 4: Early History (1998): 87.
3.沉香木:Paul Wheatley, “Geographical Notes on Some Commodities Involved in Sung Maritime Trade.” Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 32.2 (1959):3-139,22—23页提及调整精品和杂货的税率,25—26页提到了任命贸易监督官员,69—72页提到了沉香木。
4.香水的配方:扬之水“L’Encens sous les Song (960-1279) and les Yuan (1279-1368).” Parfums de Chine: la culture de l’encens au temps des empereurs, ed. éric Lefebvre (2018): 68-75.
5.《源氏物语》:Ivan Morris, The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan (1964); Dennis Washburn (trans.), Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji (2017):407页提到余香,608—613页提到竞香。
6.香料起源:田中史生,「国際交易と古代日本(2012)」:180。
7.竞香会:Melissa McCormick, The Tale of Genji: A Visual Companion (2018): 149-151.
8.随着季节的变化而变化:2019年10月2日,与达特茅斯学院亚洲社会、文化和文学教授Dennis Washburn的电子邮件。
9.用香木打造的家具和储物箱:Joseph Needham(李约瑟), “Constituents of Incense, and Other Aromatics.” Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology,Part II, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality (1974): 137 (Table 94); Olivia Milburn, “Aromas, Scents, and Spices: Olfactory Culture in China Before the Arrival of Buddhism.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 136.3 (2016): 441-464; Frédéric Obringer, “Dans L’empire de fous de parfums. Une introduction au monde des senteurs en Chine impériale.” Lefebvre (ed.), Parfums de Chine, 10-24.
10.麝香:Anya H. King, Scent from the Garden of Paradise: Musk and the Medieval Islamic World (2017); Paul Freedman, Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination (2008): 15-16.
11.乳香和没药:Jenny F. So, “Scented Trails: Amber as Aromatic in Medieval China.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd Series, 23.1 (2013): 85-101, 90; Edward Schafer(薛爱华), Golden Peaches of Samarkand (1963): 155. 该书中文版《撒马尔罕的金桃》已由社会科学文献出版社出版。
12.波斯湾港口:贾志扬, The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750-1400 (2018): 27-28。
13.“国人”:段成式《酉阳杂俎》卷四,第25页,四部丛刊本,可通过中国基本古籍库数据库访问。Carrie E. Reed, “Motivation and Meaning of a ‘Hodge-podge’: Duan Chengshi’s ‘Youyang zazu’.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123.1(2003): 121-145.
14.一些……虚构故事:Julie Wilensky, “The Magical Kunlun and ‘Devil Slaves’: Chinese Perceptions of Dark-Skinned People and Africa Before 1500.” Sino-Platonic Papers 122 (2002): 1-51.
15.在广州设市舶使:王赓武, “The Nanhai Trade: A Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea.” Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 31.2 (1958): 1-135; Hugh R. Clark(柯胡), Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century (1991): 49。
16.唐朝的贸易政策:黄纯艳,《宋代海外贸易》,2003,第129—132页;Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī, Accounts of China and India, trans. Tim McIntosh-Smith (2017): 17。
17.拼板船:Michael Flecker, The Archaeological Excavation of the Tenth Century Intan Shipwreck, Java Sea, Indonesia, BAR International Series S1047 (2002); Michael Flecker, “Treasure from the Java Sea: The Tenth-Century Intan Shipwreck.” Heritage Asia Magazine 2.2 (2004-2005),文章可在线获得。
18.银锭上的文字:杜希德和Janice Stargardt, “Chinese Silver Bullion in a Tenth-Century Indonesian Wreck.” Asia Major 15.1 (2002):23-72,25页提到了银的价值,41页提到了付款的性质。
19.井里汶:Horst Hubertus Liebner, “The Siren of Cirebon:A Tenth-Century Trading Vessel Lost in the Java Sea.” 利兹大学博士学位论文(2014):85页提到了吨位,304页提到了不同沉船运送的陶瓷数量。
20.船用指南针:Robert K. G. Temple, The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention (1986): 148-157.
21.中国的造船工人:贾志扬,Muslim Merchants, 81-83。
22.几个小妾的侍候:H. A. R. Gibb (trans.), The Travels of IbnBattuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1994): 4: 813-814.
23.宋朝的使节们用填空表格的方式:《宋会要辑稿》职官44之2,上海古籍出版社点校本,2014,第7册,第4204页;Derek Heng(王添顺),Sino-Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth Through the Fourteenth Century (2009): 73。
24.朝贡的航行暂时中断:贾志扬,Muslim Merchants, 65-75。
25.公元995年:《宋会要辑稿》职官44之3,上海古籍出版社点校本,2014,第7册,第4204页。
26.将直接征收的额度提高到40%:关于1141年的情况,参见《宋会要辑稿》职官44之25,上海古籍出版社点校本,2014,第7册,第4216页。
27.澶渊之盟:柳立言,“Waging War for Peace? The Peace Accord Between the Song and the Liao in AD 1005.” Warfare in Chinese History, ed.方德万(2000): 183-221, 213.
28.辽朝下令禁止马匹出口:斯波义信,“Sung Foreign Trade: Its Scope and Organization.” China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries, ed. Morris Rossabi(罗茂锐)(1983): 89-115, 98; Brian Thomas Vivier, “Chinese Foreign Trade, 960-1276.” 耶鲁大学博士学位论文(2008)。
29.纸币:万志英, “The Origins of Paper Money in China.” The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets, ed. William N. Goetzmann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst (2005): 65-89.
30.马匹是宋朝最重要的陆路进口商品:Paul J. Smith(史乐民), Taxing Heaven’s Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry, 1074-1224 (1991)。
31.南印度人在此地出资修建了一座佛寺:Friedrich Hirth和W. W.Rockhill英译的赵汝适《诸蕃志》(1911);赵汝适《诸蕃志校释》,1996,86页;吴文良、吴幼雄编《泉州宗教石刻》,2005。
32.圣友寺:Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, China’s Early Mosques (2015): 38-52.
33.中国最大的外国人社区:贾志扬,Muslim Merchants,80—81页提到了从奢侈品转向大宗商品贸易,141—142页提到了泉州发现的阿拉伯墓碑。
34.这种接触:柯胡, Community, Trade, and Networks,32—37页提到了泉州贸易的缘起,129页提到了外国定居者异常多。
35“诸蕃有黑白二种”:《方舆胜览》序,1239,第12卷:6a,四库全书本,可以通过中国基本古籍库数据库访问。
36.“舶商”:晁补之(1053—1110),《鸡肋集》卷七〇,370页,四部丛刊初编本,可以通过中国基本古籍库数据库访问;黄纯艳,《宋代海外贸易》,185页注释1。
37.市舶使:黄纯艳,《宋代海外贸易》,101—103页提到了中国人投资船舶,103页提到了中国的女性投资者,120—121页提到了外国商人居住的主要街道,147页,162—163页提到了批发商和直接采购货物,186页提到了泉州市舶使,223—224页提到了泉州超过广州。
38.福冈港:李怡文, “Networks of Profit and Faith: Spanning the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, 838-1403”,耶鲁大学博士学位论文(2017)。
39.朱彧:Don J. Wyatt, The Blacks of Premodern China,43页提到广州,48—60页提到朱彧。
40.朱彧是宋朝唯一一个……的作者:本书名为《萍洲可谈》,因为朱彧致仕后居住在湖北黄冈,自号“萍洲老圃”。参见宋元笔记丛书版,1989,第2卷,25页(船只到底,众人饮酒),第2卷,26页(指南针)。另见王添顺,“Shipping, Customs Procedures, and the Foreign Community: The ‘Pingzhou Ketan’ on Aspects of China’s Maritime Economy in the Late Eleventh Century.”Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 38 (2008): 1-38.
41.“鬼奴善游”:朱彧《萍洲可谈》卷二,26页。
42.“髪鬈而黄”:朱彧《萍洲可谈》卷二,28页,56页。
43.夸希奥科病:参见healthline.com上关于夸希奥科病的讨论。感谢John Southworth的建议。
44.“其在官所”:欧阳修,《归田录》卷二,10b,稗海本。明版印记可通过中国基本古籍库访问。
45.战争时期,朝廷很难征收赋税:William Guanglin Liu(刘光临), “The Making of a Fiscal State in Song China, 960-1279.” Economic History Review 68.1 (2014): 48-78.
46.“市舶之利最厚”:《宋会要辑稿》职官44之20,上海古籍出版社点校本,2014,第7册,第4213—4214页;贾志扬, “The Song Dynasty and the Multi-State and Commercial World of East Asia.” Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World 1 (2010),文章可在线获取。
47.5%左右:Jung-Pang Lo(罗荣邦), “The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods.” Far Eastern Quarterly 14.4 (1955): 489-503,尤其是499n37;李心传,《建炎以来朝野杂记》甲集卷一五,第211页;《玉海》(1883年版)卷一八六,11。
48.沉香木是其主要成分:Lefebvre (ed.), Parfums de Chine, 72-73, illustration 4 (gift for courtiers), 75 (first incense sticks).
49.即使是最穷的消费者:黄纯艳,《宋代海外贸易》,210页,引用了《东京梦华录》和《梦粱录》。
50.人为地抬高价格:Robert Hartwell(郝若贝), “Foreign Trade, Monetary Policy and Chinese ‘Mercantilism’”,收入衣川强主编的「劉子健博士頌寿紀念宋史研究論集」,1988,456页将此起义称为“乳香叛乱”,但史料(朱熹的行状,见于《晦庵先生朱文公文集》卷九七,4a;《宋史》卷一八五《食货志下七》,4358页)并无确指。
51.药师还在药方中开出了:郝若贝,“Foreign Trade”, 477-480 (Appendix, Table IV, “Medical Use of Foreign Commodities for Specific Syndromes of Symptoms, Tang, N. Song, S. Song”)。
52.第一家官药局:Asaf Goldschmidt, The Evolution of Chinese Medicine; Song Dynasty, 960-1200 (2009): 123-136.
53.《陈氏香谱》:郝若贝,“Foreign Trade”, 480 (Appendix, Table V, “Number and Percentage of Foreign Commodities Contained in a Sample of 300 Recipes for Incense”);陈敬,《陈氏香谱》,四库全书珍本版。
54.完全由中国雪松打造的船:周密,《癸辛杂识》,1988:续集卷二,197页。
55.所有人都能获得可观的利润:傅宗文,《泉州古船:宋季南外宗室海外经商的物证》,《海交史研究》,第2期,1990,第77—83页。
56.香料贸易是如此有利可图:皇室成员包括“宋朝开国之君的所有父系后裔,无论其丧服关系如何”。贾志扬, Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China (1999): 11-12。该书中文版《天潢贵胄:宋代宗室史》已由江苏人民出版社出版。
57.深入参与了香料贸易:马端临,《文献通考》,2011,卷二五九,7066页;柯胡,Community, Trade, and Networks, 140。
58.城市的人口数:1080年,泉州地区拥有201 406户家庭。1241—1252年,则有255758户。柯胡,Community, Trade, and Networks, 77。关于巴格达,Maya Shatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World (1994): 62。关于开封和杭州,参见包伟民的《宋代城市研究》,2014,304—305页。
59.制盐:柯胡,Community, Trade, and Networks, 158—163页提到了参与种植农作物的人口,163—167页提到了非农业部门的工人。
60.陶瓷业:苏基朗, “The Trade Ceramics Industry in Southern Fukien During the Sung”, Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 24 (1994): 1-19,13页提到了每次起航的估计船只数量,14页提到了从事陶瓷行业的人口比例。苏基朗教授认为福建人口有300万,这个估算太少了。武汉大学历史系鲁西奇教授在2019年4月21日发送的电子邮件中指出,这个数字更接近500万。他的估计是基于《元史》卷62给出的1283—1285年6 214 195人的人口数字。
61.事实上的货币:万志英, “Cycles of Silver in Chinese Monetary History.” The Economy of Lower Yangzi Delta in Late Imperial China: Connecting Money, Markets, and Institutions, 苏基朗主编 (2013): 18-25; “The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74.2 (2014):249-279,252页提到了中国纸币政策,258页提到了日本使用中国钱币。
62.“云乳色晶荧”:斯波义信,「宋代商業史研究」,Mark Elvin(伊懋可)英译本,Michigan Abstracts of Chinese and Japanese Works on Chinese History (1970):160页(《嘉泰会稽志》卷七,9b中关于绍兴市场叙述的翻译),162—163页(度正《性善堂稿》卷一中关于成都市场的翻译)。
63.赵汝适:关于赵汝适的墓志,参见《考古》,第19期(1987),956—957页;德语译本,萧婷的Grabinschriften in der Song-Dynastie(1995): 172-174。
64.《诸蕃志》:Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill(trans.), Chau Ju-kua, His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chi (1911): 111;赵汝适,《诸蕃志校释》(1996)。
65.早期的市舶使:黄纯艳,《宋代海外贸易》,115—116页。
66.昔日的市舶司衙门:道教神祇玄天上帝,被称为水仙宫田都元帅。
67.《清明上河图》上的……家具店:扬之水,《古诗文名物新证》,2004,第1册,115—116页。Valerie Hansen, “The Beijing Qingming Scroll and Its Significance for the Study of Chinese History.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies (1996): Section 25。
68.区分高质量和低质量的货物:王添顺,SinoMalay Trade, 136。
69.“西有海岛”:Hirth and Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, 149;赵汝适,《诸蕃志校释》,127页。
70.“人莫敢近”:Hirth and Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, 232;赵汝适,《诸蕃志校释》,207页。
71.“海舶赴务抽毕”:秦九韶,《数书九章》卷一七,119—120页;斯波义信,「宋代商業史研究」,32页。Ulrich Libbrecht(李倍始), Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century (1973): 152-162。
72.一艘船在泉州城外沉没:Jeremy Green, “The Song Dynasty Shipwreck at Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 12.3 (1983): 253-61.有关沉船事故的最初中文报告已在《文物》发表(1975),1—34页,该报告的中英文升级版现在已经出现:福建省泉州海外交通史博物馆编《泉州湾宋代海船发掘与研究》(2017年版):16—18页,99—100页提到了龙骨装饰;26—31页,105—106页提到了芳香剂;32—36页,106—107页提到了木货标签;83—87页,148—152页提到了船是如何沉没的。2016年秋季,我还多次参观了泉州开元寺沉船博物馆。
73.使用拼板技术修复:Janice Stargardt, “Behind the Shadows: Archaeological Data on Two-Way Sea-Trade Between Quanzhou and Satingpra, South Thailand, 10th-14th Century.” The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000-1400, ed. Angela Schottenhammer (2001):309-393,373页提到了维修的证据,375页提到了令人震惊的假设。
74.“南家”:傅宗文,《泉州古船:宋季南外宗室海外经商的物证》,《海交史研究》,第2期,1990,第77—83页。
75.蒲寿庚:贾志扬, “Pu Shougeng Reconsidered: Pu, His Family, and Their Role in the Maritime Trade of Quanzhou.” Beyond the Silk Roads: New Discourses on China’s Role in East Asian Maritime History, ed. Robert J. Antony and Angela Schottenhammer (2017): 63-75;桑原隲藏, “On P’u Shou-keng.” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko 2 (1928): 1-79; 7 (1935): 1-104, 57-59.
76.安抚使:苏基朗,Prosperity, Region, and Institutions in Maritime China: The South Fukien Pattern, 946-1368 (2000): 107-114, 302-305。该书中文版《刺桐梦华录:近世前期闽南的市场经济(946—1368)》已由浙江大学出版社出版。
77.蒲寿庚……变节:贾志扬,“The Impact of the Song Imperial Clan on the Overseas Trade of Quanzhou” ,收入萧婷主编的The Emporium of the World, 34-35。
78.“总运输量”:Ronald Latham (trans.), The Travels of Marco Polo (1958): 237.
79.“漂亮”“廉价”的瓷器:Latham, The Travels of Marco Polo, 237-238.
80.伊本·巴图塔:H. A. R. Gibb (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1994): 4: 813-814.
81.广州方志:《大德南海志》卷七,17b,宋元地方志丛刊续编本,1990,第1412页;斯波义信,“Sung Foreign Trade”, 105。
82.南海:王添顺,Sino-Malay Trade,136页提到了分级系统,138页提到了广州方志;《大德南海志》卷七,19a—20b,宋元地方志丛刊续编本。
83.“愈东(爪哇以东)”:Hirth and Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, 75, 79n2;赵汝适,《诸蕃志》,54—55页。
84.“天下之水”:Burton Watson, Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings (1964): 97.
85.黑潮:黄纯艳,《造船业视域下的宋代社会》,2017,第216—217页;李约瑟, Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics (1971): 549。该书中文版《中国科学技术史》(第四卷)已由科学出版社、上海古籍出版社出版。
86.“得风一息”:周去非,《岭外代答》,1999,36—37页。Matthew Torck, “The Unimaginable and Immeasurable? China’s Visions of the Pacific—Needham’s Views Re-examined.” The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources, ed. Angela Schottenhammer and Roderich Ptak (2006): 141-152, 146.
87.明朝:Roderich Ptak, “Ming Maritime Trade to Southeast Asia.” From the Mediterranean to the China Sea: Miscellaneous Notes, ed. Claude Guillot et al. (1998): 157-191, 164;《明实录》卷二〇一,第3008页;Geoff Wade, The Ming Shi-lu, 2: 133。
88.317艘船组成的帝国舰队:G. F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (1951): 61.
89.汉语碑文:J. V. G. Mills, Ying yai sheng lan: “The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores” [1433] (1970): 6, 11, 12, 49, 59, 138.
90.行程达13 000公里:Luke Stanek使用谷歌“Earth Pro”软件来计算这些距离。
91.葡萄牙人专注于将非洲黄金出口到:Pierre Vilar, A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920, trans. Judith White (1976): 57.
结语
1.疟疾:Daniel Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1981): 58-79.
2.马莱莫·卡纳:有则史料说他叫卡纳(Cana),另一则史料说他叫卡纳卡(Canaca)。Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (1997): 119-128.
3.马林奇:Stuart B. Schwartz and Tatiana Seijas, Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Fall of the Mexica Empire, 2nd ed. (2018): 38.
4.大规模疾病暴发:Noble David Cook, Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1620 (1981): 94; Michael E. Smith, The Aztecs (1996):62.
5.史广多:Neal Salisbury, “Squanto: Last of the Patuxets.” Struggle and Survival in Early America, ed. David G. Smith and Gary B. Nash (1982):228-246.
6.“我想把……硫黄带到”:Shaykh Mushrifuddin Sa’di of Shiraz, The Gulistan (Rose Garden) of Sa‘di, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston (2008): 85; Benedikt Koehler, Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism (2014): 185.
7.中国需要的是那种能用更少的棉花……来生产布料的机器:伊懋可,“The High-Level Equilibrium Trap”,收入伊懋可主编的Another History: Essays on China from a European Perspective(1996): 38。
8.直到1800年后:Kenneth Pomeranz(彭慕兰),The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the World Economy(2000)。该书中文版《大分流:欧洲、中国及现代世界经济的发展》已由江苏人民出版社出版。