四、释迦舍利灵通之塔碑文(1 / 1)

八思巴帝师的这部《略胜住法仪》“乃应畏吾儿僧人僧伽友之请,于阴木兔年(1255)仲夏月写成”,而其译者为莎南屹啰,故其译成汉文的时间当在明朝初年了。八思巴帝师首造此法仪时,他当还在随当时的蒙古王子忽必烈征战西南途中,故它不见得已有实际的用途。而当它与布思端造《大菩提塔样尺寸法》和天竺胜诸怨敌节怛哩巴上师述《圣像内置总持略轨》一起被翻译成汉文前后,相信它曾在实践中被运用。元代宫廷曾造佛教殿宇、塔像无数,胜住法仪当有用武之地,惜现存汉文文献中并没有留下相关的记载。迄今我们只有从现存元大都《圣旨特建释迦舍利灵通之塔碑文》中见到一段与“胜住法仪”的准备工作“装藏”相关的记载。元大都释迦舍利灵通之塔,即今北京西城区的妙应寺白塔,始建于元至元八年(1271),或建成于至元十六年(1279),是元世祖忽必烈汗在辽代所造释迦舍利塔旧址上重建的一座藏式舍利宝塔。[42]此塔始建时,八思巴帝师当在京城中,而当此塔建成时他已经离开元大都返回乌思藏。所以,此塔的胜住仪轨由他的同父异母弟和后继者帝师益邻真主持。

[1] 莎南嘉措编《萨思迦全集》,卷7,36.2~38.2叶。

[2] 详见Shen Weirong,“Tibetan Tantric Buddhism at the Court of the Great Mongol Khans: Sa skya pandita and'Phags pa's Works in Chinese during the Yuan Period,”Quaestiones Mongolorum Disputatae1 (Tokyo: Association for International Studies of Mongolian Culture,2005),pp.79-81.

[3] János Szerb,“Glosses on the Oeuvre of Bla-ma'Phags-pa: Ⅱ.Some Notes on the Events of the Years 1251-1254,”Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae(T.34,Fasc.1/3,1980),pp.263-285.

[4] 于《大乘要道密集》中“最妙上师”通常与bla ma dam pa对应,然此与其对应的藏文仅作bla ma。

[6] 梵文guggulu,guggula。参见Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism(Leiden: E.J.Brill,1996),pp.118-119.

[7] sumbha ni mantra: sumbha hūmgrhna grhna hūmgrhnāpaya grhnāpaya hūmānaya ho bhagavab vidyā rājā hūmphat参见Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism(Leiden: E.J.Brill,1996),pp.118-119;English,Vajrayogini.

[8] 梵文作:sarva vighna uccathaya,意为驱除一切魔类。

[9] 此述“瓶灌”(bum sgrub,或者bum bskyed),二净瓶分别是“尊胜瓶”(rnam rgyal bum pa)和“羯磨瓶”(las kyi bum pa)。参见Stephan Beyer,Magic and Ritual in Tibet,The Cult of Tārā (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,1996),pp.410-414; David L.Snellgrove,Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors(Boston: Shambhala,1987),pp.223-225; 前揭Bentor 1996,pp.100-108.

[10] sngags ni// ji ltar bltams pa tsam gyis ni/ de bzhin gshegs pa kun khrus gsol ltar/ lha yi chu ni dag pa yis/ de bzhin bdag gis khrus gsol lo/ 《略胜住法仪本续》(Rab tu gnas pa mdor bsdus pa'i rgyud,Supratisthātantrasamgraha),Toh.no.486,sDe dge: 295.

[12] 即指羯磨瓶(las kyi bum pa)。

[13] 关于镜灌参见Yael Bentor,“On the Symbolism of the Mirror in Indo-Tibetan Consecration Rituals,”Journal of Indian Philosophy1995(23): 57-71.

[14] 按照《略胜住法仪本续》中的原文,此偈或可译作:“即如[佛陀]降生时,一切如来请沐浴,今以清净天之水,如是我亦请沐浴!”

[15] 关于沐浴净治污垢仪轨,参见前揭Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism(Leiden: E.J.Brill,1996),pp.164-178.

[17] 按照瑜伽部,或曰下部密教(lower Tantras)的修法,为身、语、意三所依作胜住仪轨时,通常为身所依佛塔等开光时生起大日如来佛,为语所依佛经等开光时生起阿弥陀佛,为意所依佛像开光时生起不动佛或金刚萨埵佛。而到无上瑜伽部则通常以金刚萨埵、大威德、喜金刚、胜乐等密宗尊佛为智慧尊。参见Yael Bentor,“Literature on Consecration[rab gnas],”Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre,eds.,Roger Jackson and José I.Cabezón (Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications,1996),p.292,n.10.

[18] de nas gnas gsum rnams su bstim// omhūmāhyi yi ge gsum// omni spyi bor bstim bya bzhin// snying gar hūmgi yi ger'gyur// ngag gi phyogs su āhyig go// sku gsung thugs ni bsgrub pa bya// 《略胜住法仪本续》,Toh.no.486,sDe dge: 294.

[19] omsarva tathāgta vajra samā[ya] jahjahhūmbamhoh.

[20] ji ltar sangs rgyas thams cad ni// dga' ldan du ni gnas pa las// lha mo sgyu sphrul ltums zhugs ltar// de bzhin gzhugs brnyan'dir bzhugs shig//'di ru mgon po rtag bzhugs nas// byang chub sems ni bskyed pa dang// che ge mo yi don slad du// bdag gi'byor pa nyid kyis ni// ci'byor ba yi mchod pa rnams// me tog la sogs'di bzhes shig// bdag dang slob mar bcas pa la// rjes su brtse bar dgong su gsol// kun gyis'di la byin brlab cing//'di nyid du ni bzhugs par rigs// 《略胜住法仪本续》,pp.293-294; 参见Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism(Leiden: E.J.Brill,1996),p.294.

[21] omvajra ankusa jahvajra pāsa hūmvajra sphoha bamvajra a be sha āh,参见前揭Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism(Leiden: E.J.Brill,1996),p.238.

[22] 此段若按《略胜住法仪本续》中的原文或当译作:即如诸佛陀,安住兜率天,如入幻女胎,请住此像中。

[24] omvajra abhisi?ca hūmbuddha abhisi?ca omratna abhisi?ca hūmpadma abhisi?ca hrīhkarma abhisi?ca āh.

[25] 此段偈语译文与八思巴帝师引文相同,而与《略胜住法仪本续》中的原文略有差异。参前注。

[28] 梵文作:omsuprati sstha-vajraye svāhā omhūmhūm.参见前揭Yael Bentor,Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism,pp.320-321.

[32] 梵文作:om[supra]tistha vajra[ye svāhā].

[33] 关于永驻仪(brtan bzhugs)或曰长寿仪参见José Ignacio Cabezón,“Firm Feet and Long Lives: TheZhabs brtanLiterature of Tibetan Buddhism,”Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre,Edited by José Ignacio Cabezón and Roger R.Jackson (Ithaca,New York: Snow Lion Publications,1996),pp.344-357.

[34] 缘起心咒梵文作:ye dharmā hetuprabhavā hetumtesāmtathāgato hy avadat tesāmca yo nirodha evamvādī mahāhramanah.Bentor,“Literature on Consecration [rab gnas],” 301,n.21; 关于缘起心咒和吉祥偈亦参见Yael Bentor,“Sūtra-style Consecration in Tibet and Its Importance for Understanding the Historical Development of Indo-Tibetan Consecration Ritual forStūpasand Images,”Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the5thSeminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies,Narita,1989 (Narita: Naritasan Shinshoji),pp.1-12.

[35] 13世纪有两位Khro phu ba,其中一位居沙鲁寺(Zha lu mgon),另一位是Khro phu bKa' brgyud派的传人。此之Khro phu ba当指与萨思迦派关系亲近的沙鲁寺上师,其生平不详。

[36] 见莎南嘉措编《萨思迦全集》,卷5,299叶;参见Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltshen,A Clear Differentiation of the Three Codes,Essential Distinction among the Individual Liberation,Great Vehicle,and Tantric Systems,translated by Jared Douglas Rhoton (Albany: State University of New York Press,2002),pp.127-129,307-308.

[37] 对此萨思迦班智达在其dGe bshes Do kor ba的一封回信中说得尤为明白:dam tshig sems dpa' bskyed pa la/ ye shes sems dpa' spyan drang nas/ mchod cing bstod nas bstim pa la/ rab gnas dngos gzhir rgyud las bshad// “续中所说胜住正行,即生起三昧耶尊,于彼尊迎请智慧尊,作供、赞令其融入。”《萨思迦全集》卷5,403.1-4叶.

[38] Grags pa rgyal mtshan,Arga'i cho ga dang rab tu gnas pa don gsal.

[39] 通常说佛塔为佛身之所依、佛经为佛语之所依、佛像为佛意之所依,然八思巴此说佛塔与神庙为身所依,经函、铃杵为语所依,金刚等为意所依。

[40] Yael Bentor,“Literature on Consecration[rab gnas],”Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre,eds.,Roger Jackson and José I.Cabezón (Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications,1996).

[41] 《萨思迦全集》卷4,237~252叶。葛剌思巴监藏的这部著作或亦曾在元代流通,居庸关云台过街塔所遗赞颂铭文多与其内容相应。参见Yael Bentor,“In Praise of Stūpas: The Tibetan Eulogy at Chü-Yung-Kuan Reconsidered,”Indo-Iranian Journal38 (1995): 31-54.

[42] 文详见宿白《元大都〈圣旨特建释迦舍利灵通之塔碑文〉校注》,同氏《藏传佛教寺院考古》,北京:文物出版社,1996年,322~337页。对于这个碑文的最新研究,参见安海燕:《元大都大圣寿万安寺白塔之装藏、装饰——释注〈圣旨特建释迦舍利灵通之塔碑文〉相关段落》,《西域历史语言研究集刊》第6辑,北京:科学出版社,2013年,17~52页。