ABSTRACTS

黄帝历史形象的塑造——从司马迁到魏收的历史贡献

Shaping the Historical Image of Huangdi——The Historical Contribution from Sima Qian to Wei Shou

Having detached from the context of legend，the image of Huangdi developed into two directions：as a deity and as a historical figure.Based on textual records and his on-site investigation，Sima Qian wrote the “Biography of Five Emperors” in the Shiji，in which he established the system of Chinese history.Instead of becoming a deity in the alchemists’ opinion，Huangdi is portrayed as a figure between the real and imagination，venerated as the example for later emperors and the ancestor of the Huaxia.Thus，Sima Qian formulized the historical image of Huangdi.The purpose of Sima Qian to shape the historical image of Huangdi was to sum up the historical experiences of the centralization of authority which was established，consolidated and developed in the West Han Dynasty.Objectively，this met the needs of Emperor Hanwudi to construct the great unity of China and consolidate an autocratic monarchy in which the empire belonged to a single family.Fully grasping the essence of Sima Qian’s thought，Wei Shou，a Northern Qi historian，pointed out in the Weishu，which is not only a dynastic history book of the Northern Dynasties but also a general history of Tuoba’s clan，that the ancestor of the Tuoba was the grandson of Huangdi.At the same time，he put in order the sinicized family names of all the tribes dominated in Tuoba’s tribes and promoted Huangdi as the common ancestor of all ethnic groups under the Northern Dynasties.In this way，he summarized the achievements of the reform of surnames in the Northern Wei Dynasty.And his articulation reflected the trend of national integration since the Eastern Han，Wei and Jin Dynasties，as well as the direction of the ethnic cultural infusion during the Northern Dynasties，and adapted to the rising of the Chinese culture.The establishment and spread of the historical image of Huangdi are contributed primarily to Sima Qian and Wei Shou.The view that “the beginning and end are both exotica” is wrong.The so-called saying that “the national ancestor never exists before the Chinese culture was included into the western country system” is improper.Although being denied and questioned constantly，the historical image of Huangdi as the ancestor of Chinese civilization became widely recognized both nation-wide and abroad over a long period of time of promotion.The reason of this lies in the need of the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

《北史》中的宗族与北朝历史系统——兼论中华文明长存不衰的历史原因

Clans and the Northern Dynasties’ Historical System in the Beishi—With a Discussion of the Reasons of the Long Lasting Durability of Chinese Civilization

The Beishi，or the History of the Northern Dynasties，is a monumental historical work by the historian Li Dashi and his son Li Yanshou in sequence.With different historical backgrounds，the two authors inevitably infiltrated totally different themes in this work.Li Dashi lived in a turbulent time at the end of the Sui Dynasty，and sought political stability.So he chose reunification as the theme of the History of the Northern Dynasties.Continuing his father’s theme，Li Yanshou viewed all powers appeared between the Battle of Fei River and the chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty as an organic whole as the historical system of the Northern Dynasties，so as to disclose the twists and turns of course of reunification of the Chinese society，and represent the political goal of putting an end to the chaos caused by wars in the early Tang Dynasty.However，Li Yanshou changed the annalistic style set by his father into a family-oriented biography form to integrate the theme of praising the grand noble families and gentry clans into the History of the Northern Dynasties.This was because the country had been reunified for some years，and Li Yanshou was more concerned with the rise to power of the aristocratic families from Longxi in the early Tang Dynasty.Due to the abundant content of the historical system of the Northern Dynasties，the themes of two generations did not contradict each other within the same book.However，the political situation changed abruptly when the History of the Northern Dynasties came out，as commoners raised up replacing the grand noble families and gentry clans.Thus，Li Yanshou’s theme became outdated.However，the clan system which had served as a foundation for grand noble families and gentry clans still prevailed.An important reason for the persistence of traditional Chinese civilization despite repeated strikes was that the ubiquitous clan，which produced a consolidating and cohesive effect and played a role of linkage.The History of the Northern Dynasties highlights the persistence of the clan system in turbulent times and the general pattern of their development.And that is the unique value of the book.

南朝北朝与南北朝——兼论中国古代史学科术语的时空界定问题

The Southern Dynasties，the Northern Dynasties，and the Southern and Northern Dynasties—The Problem of Defining the Time and Space of a Few Specific Terminologies in Ancient Chinese History

The terms of “southern dynasties” and “northern dynasties” firstly appeared during the Jin to Sui dynasties.During this period，the northern and southern regimes did not give diplomatic recognition to each other.These terms were firstly used to represent some hostile regime.In the Nanshi and the Beishi，the author Li Yanshou expanded the Southern dynasties to the Song，Qi，Liang，and Chen Dynasties，and the Northern dynasty to the Wei，Qi，Zhou，and Sui dynasties.Since then，the two words gradually solidified and became the terms in historical studies.However，when the two words merge into the “Northern and Southern dynasties，” it could cause inconvenience in expression because the beginning and ending times of each terms do not fit with each other.Due to the habit of using these terms，such confusion is difficult to escape.

北魏明元帝两皇后之死与保太后得势

The Death of Mingyuan Emperor’s Two Empresses and Bao Empress Dowager Gaining Power in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Mi Empress Du and Zhaoai Empress Yao were all doted on by Mingyuan Emperor.But they all passed away at the fifth year of Taichang Period，which was three years before Mingyuan Emperor’s death.Thus there was no empress in the imperial palace any more.After Mingyuan Emperor’s death，Taiwu Emperor’s wet nurse Dou was conferred as Bao Empress Dowager.Not only did she gain power in the imperial palace，she also interfered the government affairs of the Northern Wei Dynasty.The research on these series of events illustrate that the rule of the wet nurse fostering a crown prince had been derived from the regulation of honoring the son and killing his mother and became convention in the palace of the Northern Wei Dynasty.Consequently，the wet nurse replaced the place of Empress Dowager.The result went against the original intention of the “honor-son and dead-mother” policy to prevent the emperor’s mother from interfering politics.It can be seen from this case study that the attempt of overcorrection will in the end be punished in the history.

北魏太和之初的双簧专制

The Two-man Act Autocracy during the Early Taihe Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Wenming Empress Dowager Feng was in power during the Early Taihe Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty.On the surface，Wenming Empress Dowager and Emperor Xiaowen appeared to be “two wise sages” on the political stage.However，Wenming Empress Dowager colluded with her minion Wang Rui，thus forming the political situation of two-man act autocracy.Wang Rui，who helped Wenming Empress Dowager control the imperial court，became her agent on the stage.Therefore，Wang Rui got influential quickly，and owned very high power that lasted six years.The two-man act autocracy reflected that the essence of the political situation in this period was Wenming Empress Dowager’s personal despotism，rather than the so-called “two sages together in power”.

迁都策与分化术——兼论襄助北魏孝文帝迁都的三位关键人物

The Strategy of Moving the Capital and the Tactic of Dividing Powers——And Three Key Figures Helping Emperor Xiaowen Move the Capital to Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty

It was a very big project for Emperor Xiaowen to move the capital southward to Luoyang.With the help of Minister Li Chong，Tuoba Cheng （King of Rencheng） and Empress Feng，the move was completed only in two years.Li Chong，Tuoba Cheng and Empress Feng were the most powerful and talented figures in the Han nationality family，the Tuoba imperial clan and the royal clan respectively.They played key roles in the planning，mobilization and organization of the move.However，in the very beginning，they did not know Emperor Xiaowen’s general plan or opposed violently after knowing it.Yet，Emperor Xiaowen still firmly put them in the important position，because he wanted to divide the old political powers by moving the capital.

北魏孝文昭皇后高氏梦迹考实

Study on the Dreams of Xiaowen Zhao Empress Gao of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Xiaowen Zhao Empress Gao came from the ethnic Goryeo.She was selected into the palace residence of maids as she amazed Wenming Empress Dowager，and fell into the palace intrigue since then.Gao gave birth to two sons and one daughter for Emperor Xiaowen.It also led to her death by the stab in the back.Although her death was tragic，she increasingly received honor after death.In particular，the affairs between Empress Gao and Emperor Xiaowen were deified.It was all because Gao’s descendants and relatives who suddenly became rich and important，needed to glorify their family origin and descent.

北魏宣武帝朝三后之争

The Power Struggles of the Three Empresses of Emperor Xuanwu in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Emperor Xiaowen established the structure of using six imperial clan based ministers to assist his son near his end in order to prevent the emperor’s mother from interfering politics.However，Emperor Xuanwu put aristocracy Yu Lie and his mother’s brother Gao Zhao in important position rather than the imperial clan，in an attempt to change the political situation.Both of Yu Lie and Gao Zhao married their nieces to the emperor so as to consolidate their power.Empress Yu and Empress Gao carried out a fierce power struggle between each other with the support of their relatives in the imperial court.Nonetheless，Empress Hu became the empress dowager without relative’s support.It led to the situation that Empress Dowager Hu controlled the supreme power.This is an unexpected ending for Emperor Xiaowen.

于什门事件与魏燕之争

The Incident of Yu Shimen and the Conflict between the Northern Wei and the Northern Yan

Both of the Northern Wei and the Northern Yan were regional regimes established after the Battle of Fei River.But both of them regarded themselves as the sovereign regime.It was diamond cut diamond in diplomatic etiquette，thus caused the Incident of Yu Shimen.The Northern Wei envoy Yu Shimen was detained by the Northern Yan after this incident for very long.The two regimes fell into a serious diplomatic crisis，which lasted for over twenty years until the Northern Yan lost the battle and perished.Many historical lessons can be reflected in this incident.

北魏平城郭城南缘的定位与相关交通问题

Location of the Southern City Wall of Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Period and Related Communication Routes

Based on the inscriptions on the gravestones of the tombs of Yang Zhongdu and Ge Tianbao and the locations of the two tomb sites，the locations of the southern city wall，the south and south-east gates，of Pingcheng City of the Northern Wei Period can be found，as well as information of the road starting from the two city gates extended all the way to Bingzhou and Dingzhou in Central China.Although the inscriptions on the gravestones are simple，they are significant in the study of the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty.