迄今为止我所做的讨论,核心在于联系或分离马克思和黑格尔逻辑上的异同,即马克思延续或不延续黑格尔的方法论方面。然而,这里有黑格尔/马克思问题的另一个层面,即他们的历史地位层面,或者说他们与18世纪启蒙思想的关系问题。这个层面关注他们在西方思想史中的定位,而对此我需要做一些评论。
在写于1939年的一部非凡著作《从黑格尔到尼采》中,卡尔·洛维特——虽然他是一个在日本的移民——认为,黑格尔和马克思都以他们自己的文风使理性、历史和发展的启蒙传统永久化。[155]马克思追随费尔巴哈,将宗教和哲学分离开来,并认为只有人类理性是历史的推动者和创造乌托邦未来的能力,而黑格尔改写了基督教末世论,将宗教信仰转化为哲学上的自我决定。
洛维特将《精神现象学》中的“绝对精神”这章作为黑格尔对基督教神义论世俗化的标志。在“绝对精神”这一章中,黑格尔描述了完整的知识、艺术、宗教和哲学上升的三个阶段,并证明宗教超越艺术而哲学超越宗教。事实上,哲学取代宗教作为知识的最高形式是对理性的启蒙信仰的一种反映。洛维特将黑格尔表述为哲学神学的一个范例,而启蒙哲学之后的理念将获得此前为信仰所保留的“绝对知识”。
在洛维特看来,黑格尔将启蒙的方案传递给了后几个世纪。贯通理性、历史和现实发展的启蒙原则,黑格尔将西方思想史对人类理性和历史进步的期望留给未来。洛维特的解释被约翰·爱德华·托乌斯在他的著作《黑格尔主义》中所做的研究证实。托乌斯将黑格尔理解为对理性主体和客观世界的经验主义分歧的反叛者,认为黑格尔以理性和本体论的和解取代了这种分歧。[156]事实是,本体论自身是逻辑的或自我决定的,这意味着人们的时间由理性设计来指导。
尽管马克思脱离了本体论思想,但他也将人类主体视为理性的存在,视为实现与人类理性相符合的未来的能力,而这种历史目的论将马克思与启蒙—黑格尔主义的方案联系了起来。
在《现代性的哲学话语》[157]中,于尔根·哈贝马斯将黑格尔看作现代性的发明者。黑格尔将19世纪表述为一个新的时代,表述为对此前古希腊—古罗马和基督教的决定性的突破。
在这个新的时代,现代性与历史中的理性规则是同位语,而黑格尔和马克思都认为思想能促进人的持续发展。哈贝马斯指出,在黑格尔和马克思看来,启蒙方案和现代性是同时代的。
然而,现代性中存在一个不幸的悖论。在黑格尔和马克思看来,一方面,理性规则承诺一种永无止境的历史进步,但另一方面,理性的统治也为工具理性的产生准备了通道。黑格尔和马克思是阿多诺思想的先驱,或者说他们对人类理性的信念没有导致发展的目的论,而导致了专制主义和奥斯威辛的极致。工具理性是启蒙方案的庶出,而不幸的是,其结果产生了希特勒主义、斯大林主义、毒气室以及《否定的辩证法》中所谴责的事情。后现代性是一种抵制的反应,标志着现代性议程的失败。
在《现代性的哲学话语》中,当哈贝马斯质疑现代性的议程是否还与后现代主义世界有关的时候,他提出了当今时代的基本问题之一。黑格尔和马克思对后现代主义时代还有话可说吗?这个问题提出的议题是,理性的思想和历史的进步目前是否仍然具有意义。
本书不打算回答这些问题,而只想保留这种困惑。黑格尔和马克思在西方学术思想史中的上升或衰落对人类理性和历史进步问题具有当代意义。如果拒绝人类理性和历史进步的概念,那么黑格尔和马克思就失去了意义;如果保留思想和乌托邦主义信念,黑格尔和马克思就仍然是知识和灵感的重要源泉。
[1] Althusser,Louis,For Marx,trans.by Ben Brewster,New York,1969.
[2] Levine,Norman,Dialogue Within The Dialectic,London,1984,pp.6-79,81-126.
[3] 关于马克思与恩格斯差异的研究,参见我的著作The Tragic Deception:Marx Contra Engels (Santa Barbara,1975)。1977年,一位德国学者海因茨-迪特尔·基茨泰纳(Heinz-Dieter Kittsteiner)在恩格斯的问题上得出了与我相同的结论。参见他的长篇论文“Logisch und Historisch:über Differenzen des Marxschen und Engelschen Systems der Wissenschaft,” in International Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der Drutschen Arbeiterbewegung (13,Jahrgang,1977),pp.2-47。
[4] 《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,211~258页,北京,人民出版社,1995。
[5] 《马克思恩格斯选集》第3卷,719~760页,北京,人民出版社,1995。
[6] 《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷,225页。
[7] 关于恩格斯歪曲马克思的全部文献,参见我的著作The Tragic Deception:Marx Contra Engels。
[8] 关于列宁作为一个哲学家的详细研究,参见我的文章“Hegelianized Leninism,” in Dialogue Within The Dialectic,pp.257-316。
[9] Anderson,Kevin,Lenin,Hegel,And Western Marxism,Urbana,1995.
[10] 对《青年黑格尔》的更彻底的分析,参见我的文章“Completion,Death,Heritage,” in Studies in Soviet Thought,vol.19 (1979),pp.49-59。在这篇文章中,我不仅对《青年黑格尔》进行了更深入的分析,而且展示了《青年黑格尔》和卢卡奇后来的《社会存在本体论》之间的连续性。
[11] Kadarkay,Arpad,Georg Lukacs:Life,Thought,Politics,Oxford,1991,p.350.
[12] Levine,“Completion,Death,Heritage,”p.51.
[13] Kadarkay,Georg Lukacs:Life,Thought,Politics,pp.349-350.
[14] Lukacs,Georg,The Young Hegel,trans.by Rodney Livingstone,London,1975,p.xix.
[15] Anderson,Perry,Considerations of Western Marxism,London,1976.
[16] Lukacs,Georg,“What is Orthodox Marxism?,”in History and Class Consciousness,trans.by Rodney Livingstone,Cambridge,1971,p.17.
[17] Lukacs,Georg,“What is Orthodox Marxism?,”in History and Class Consciousness,trans.by Rodney Livingstone,Cambridge,1971.,pp.20-21.
[18] Lukacs,Georg,“What is Orthodox Marxism?,”in History and Class Consciousness,trans.by Rodney Livingstone,Cambridge,1971.,p.19.
[19] Hegel,G.W.F.,The Science of Logic,trans.by A.V.Miller,Atlantic Highlands,1989,pp.824-844.
[20] Lukacs,“Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat,”in History and Class Consciousness,pp.83-222.
[21] Lukacs,The Young Hegel,pp.xiv-xxx.
[22] Butler,E.M.,The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany,Boston,1958.
[23] Adorno,T.and Hork.M.,Dialectic of The Enlightenment,trans.by E.B.Ashton,New York,1972.
[24] Adorno,Theodor,Negative Dialectics,trans.by E.B.Ashton,New York,1973.
[25] Adorno,T.and Hork.M.,Dialectic of The Enlightenment,trans.by E.B.Ashton,New York,1972.,pp.61-65.
[26] Adorno,T.and Hork.M.,Dialectic of The Enlightenment,trans.by E.B.Ashton,New York,1972.,pp.21-22.
[27] Hegel,The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences,trans.by A.V.Miller,Oxford,1975,3 vols.
[28] Adorno,Negative Dialectics,pp.23-28.
[29] Hegel,G.W.F.,The Philosophy of Nature,vol.2 of The Encyclopedia of The Philosophical Sciences.
[30] Hegel,G.W.F.,The Philosophy of Mind,vol.2 of The Encyclopedia of The Philosophical Sciences.
[31] Hegel,G.W.F.,The Philosophy of History,trans.by J.Sibree,Buffalo,1991.
[32] Hegel,G.W.F.,The Phenomenology of Spirit,trans.by A.V.Miller,Oxford,1977.
[33] Adorno,Theodor,Negative Dialectics,pp.174-176.
[34] Adorno,Theodor,Negative Dialectics,pp.182-192.
[35] Adorno,Theodor,Hegel:Three Studies,Cambridge,1993,p.4.
[36] Adorno,Theodor,Hegel:Three Studies,Cambridge,1993,p.31.
[37] Adorno,Theodor,Negative Dialectics,p.355.
[38] Adorno,Theodor,Minima Moralia,trans.by E.F.N.Jephcott,London,1974,pp.113-114.
[39] Adorno,Theodor,Minima Moralia,trans.by E.F.N.Jephcott,London,1974,pp.193-194.
[40] Adorno,Theodor,“The Culture Industry Reconsidered,”in The Culture Industry,trans.by J.M.Bernstein,New York,1991,pp.98-106.
[41] Adorno,Theodor,“The Culture Industry Reconsidered,”in The Culture Industry,trans.by J.M.Bernstein,New York,1991.,pp.107-131.
[42] Benton,Ted,The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism,London,1984,pp.64-65.
[43] Althusser,Louis and Balibar,Etienne,Reading Capital,trans.by Ben Brewster,London,1970.
[44] Althusser,Louis,For Marx,trans.by Ben Brewster,London,1977.
[45] Sartre,Jean-Paul,Critique of Dialectical Reason,trans.by Alan Sheridan-Smith,London,1976.
[46] Sartre,Jean-Paul,Search for a Method,trans.by Hazel E.Barnes,New York,1963.
[47] Althusser,Louis,“Man,That Night,”in Early Writings:The Spectre of Hegel,trans.by G.M.Goshgarin,London,1977,pp.170-172.
[48] 该文的完整题目是《回到黑格尔,学院派修正主义的最新口号》。——译者注
[49] Althusser,Louis,“The Return to Hegel,”pp.173-183.
[50] Althusser,Louis,“The Return to Hegel,”p.174.
[51] Althusser,“On Content in the Thought of G.W.F.Hegel,”pp.36-169.
[52] Althusser,“On Content in the Thought of G.W.F.Hegel,”p.154.
[53] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital,p.100.
[54] Althusser,For Marx,pp.231-232.
[55] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital,p.15.
[56] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital,pp.16,44.
[57] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital,p.34.
[58] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital.,p.112.
[59] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital.,p.61.
[60] Althusser,Louis,Essays in Self-Criticism,trans.by Grahame Lock,Atlantic Highland,1976,p.96.
[61] Althusser,Louis,Essays in Self-Criticism,trans.by Grahame Lock,Atlantic Highland,1976,97.
[62] Althusser,Louis,Essays in Self-Criticism,trans.by Grahame Lock,Atlantic Highland,1976.,p.126.
[63] Althusser,Louis,Essays in Self-Criticism,trans.by Grahame Lock,Atlantic Highland,1976.,p.138.
[64] Althusser and Balibar,Reading Capital,p.58.
[65] Althusser,For Marx,p.229.
[66] Louis,Althusser,Lenin and Philosophy,trans.by Ben Brwester,London,1971,p.105.
[67] Schmidt,Alfred,History and Structure,trans.by Jeffrey Herf,Cambridge,1984.
[68] Schmidt,Alfred,History and Structure,trans.by Jeffrey Herf,Cambridge,1984.,p.21.
[69] Rosental,M.M.,Voprosui Dialektiki Kapitale Marksa,Moscow,1955.
[70] Iljenkow,E.W.,Die Dialektik Des Abstrakten Und Konkreten Im ‘Kapital’ Von Karl Marx,Berlin,1979.
[71] 《列宁全集》,中文2版,第55卷,151页,北京,人民出版社,1990。
[72] 关于苏联内部和西方马克思主义的列宁主义黑格尔—马克思传统,参见Anderson,Lenin,Hegel,And Western Marxism。
[73] Kosik Karel,Dialectic of the Concrete,trans.by Karel Kovanda and James Schmid,Dordrecht,1967.
[74] Zeleny,Jindrich,The Logic of Marx,trans.by Terrel Carver,Oxford,1980.
[75] Schmidt,History and Structure,p.125.
[76] Schmidt,Alfred,Beitr ?ge Zur Marxistischen Erkenntnistheorie,Frankfurt,1969.
[77] Negt,Oskar,Aktu ?litat Und Folgen Der Philosophie Hegel,Frankfurt,1970.
[78] Krahl,Hans-Jürgen,“Bemerkung zum Verhalnis von Kapital und Hegelscher Wesenslogik,” in Aktu ?litat Und Folgen Der Philosophie Hegel,pp.137-150.
[79] Backhaus,Hans-Georg,“Materialen zur Rekonstruction der Marxschen Werttheorie,” in Gesellschaft:Beitr ?ge Zur Marxschen Theorie:3,Frankfurt,1975,pp.122-159.
[80] 即《1857—1858年经济学手稿》,又称《政治经济学批判大纲》。——译者注
[81] 《马克思恩格斯全集》,中文2版,第30卷,北京,人民出版社,1995;《马克思恩格斯全集》,中文2版,第31卷,北京,人民出版社,1998。基于《政治经济学批判大纲》,20世纪60年代的研究开始于对《资本论》起源的调查。通过研究马克思在《政治经济学批判大纲》中勾勒的《资本论》的草稿,可以获得马克思写作《资本论》的思想演变的新见解,而这澄明了这个文本的新意义。关于《资本论》如何建构的清晰论述,参见Roman Rosdolsky,Zur Entstehungsgeschichte Des Marxschen “Kapital”,Frankfurt,1969。
[82] Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe,Berlin,1975,(MEGA),vols.1-32.
[83] Levine,“Hegel and the 1861-1863 Manuscripts of Das Kapital,”Rethinking Marxism,vol.14,no.4,pp.47-58.
[84] Schmidt,History and Structure,p.33.
[85] Zeleny,The Logic of Marx,p.9.
[86] Zeleny,The Logic of Marx,p.52.
[87] Zeleny,The Logic of Marx.,p.39.
[88] Zeleny,The Logic of Marx.,p.107.
[89] Reichelt,Helmut,“Warum hat Marx seine dialektische Methode versteckt?,” in Beitr ?ge Zur Marx-Engels Forschung,Berlin,1996,pp.73-110.
[90] Zeleny,The Logic of Marx,p.110.
[91] 关于这些术语的深入讨论,参见本书第3章对马克思博士论文的充分探讨。
[92] Reichelt,“Warum hat Marx seine dialektische Methode versteckt?,”p.109.
[93] Arndt,Andreas,Karl Marx,Bochum,1985,p.238.
[94] 《马克思恩格斯全集》,中文2版,第44卷,218页,北京,人民出版社,2001。
[95] 《马克思恩格斯全集》,中文2版,第46卷,235~268页,北京,人民出版社,2003。
[96] 关于黑格尔和马克思的矛盾性质的详尽研究,参见Helmut Brentel,Widerspruch Und Entwicklung Bei Marx Und Hegel,Frankfurt,1986。
[97] Schmidt,History and Structure,p.61.
[98] Kojéve,Alexander,Introduction to the Reading of Hegel,trans.by James H.Nichols,Ithaca,1980.
[99] Hyppolite,Jean,Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit,trans.by Samuel Cherniak and John Heckman,Evanston,1947,p.35.
[100] Hyppolite,Jean,Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit,trans.by Samuel Cherniak and John Heckman,Evanston,1947,p.11.
[101] Hyppolite,Studies on Hegel and Marx,trans.by John O'Neill,New York,1969.
[102] Hyppolite,Studies on Hegel and Marx,pp.128-129.
[103] Hyppolite,Studies on Hegel and Marx.,p.73.
[104] Hyppolite,Studies on Hegel and Marx,p.109.
[105] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution,London,1941.
[106] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution,pp.164-165.
[107] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution.,pp.161-162.
[108] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution.,pp.202,213.
[109] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution,p.184.
[110] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution..
[111] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution,pp.223-228.
[112] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution.,pp.274-275.
[113] Marcuse,Herbert,Reason and Revolution,p.250.
[114] Elster,Jon,Making Sense of Marx,Cambridge,1985.
[115] Roemer,John,Analytical Marxism,Cambridge,1986.
[116] Elster,Making Sense of Marx,pp.37-38.
[117] Elster,Sour Grapes,Cambridge,1983.
[118] Elster,Sour Grapes,Cambridge,1983.,p.30.
[119] Elster,Sour Grapes,Cambridge,1983,p.109.
[120] Elster,Making Sense of Marx,pp.27-28.
[121] Roemer,“New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class,”in Analytical Marxism,pp.81-113.
[122] Roemer,“Rational Choice Marxism:Some Issues of Method and Substance,”in Analytical Marxism,pp.191-201.
[123] Roemer,“Rational Choice Marxism:Some Issues of Method and Substance,”in Analytical Marxism,pp.192-193.
[124] Roemer,“New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class,”in Analytical Marxism,p.93.
[125] Roemer,“New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class,”in Analytical Marxism.,pp.98-99.
[126] Roemer,Analytical Marxism,p.103.
[127] Roemer,Analytical Marxism,p.106.
[128] Cohen,Gerald A.,Karl Marx's Theory of History,Cambridge,1987.
[129] Cohen,Gerald A.,Karl Marx's Theory of History,pp.134-135.
[130] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988,pp.155-179.
[131] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988,p.159.
[132] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988.,p.160.
[133] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988.,p.174.
[134] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988.,p.175.
[135] Cohen,“Restricted and Inclusive Historical Materialism,”in History,Labor and Freedom,Cambridge,1988.,pp.283-291.
[136] Cohen,“Images of History in Hegel and Marx,”in Karl Marx's Theory of History,pp.1-27.
[137] Cohen,“Images of History in Hegel and Marx,”in Karl Marx's Theory of History,p.176。关于科亨提到的这本书,参见Eric Olin Wright,Reconstructing Marxism,London,1992。
[138] Cohen,Self-Ownership,Freedom,Equality,Cambridge,1995,p.8.
[139] Nozick,Robert,Anarchy,State,Utopia,New York,1974.
[140] Cohen,Self-Ownership,Freedom,Equality,p.16.
[141] Cohen,If You're An Egalitarian How Come You're So Rich?,Cambridge,2000.
[142] Carens,Joseph,Equality,Moral Incentives,and the Market,Chicago,1981.
[143] Smith,Tony,Dialectical Social Theory and Its Critics,SUNY,1993,p.78.
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[149] Wright,Reconstructing Marxism,London,1992.
[150] Van Parijs,Philippe,Evolutionary Explanation in the Social Sciences,New Jersey,1981.
[151] Van Parijs,Marxism Recycled,Cambridge,1993.
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[153] Arthur,Christopher,The New Dialectic,Leiden,2004.
[154] Arthur,Christopher,The New Dialectic,Leiden,p.4.
[155] Lowith,Karl,From Hegel to Nietzsche,trans.by David E.Green,New York,1964.
[156] Toews,John,Hegelianism,Cambridge,1980.
[157] Habermas,Jürgen,The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity,trans.by Frederick Lawrence,Cambridge,1996.