近年来，美国与欧洲国家动手型博物馆与科学中心数量的上涨非常可观。而这样一种剧增是建立在传统科学博物馆与儿童博物馆对创新性科学传播手段的探索（尤其是美国）之上的。对寓教于乐的高质量的参访景点的需求在整个西欧十分明显，而且图1-2还表明在英国动手型景点的数量还处在增长阶段。

但是英国整个博物馆的观众市场已经饱和，动手型博物馆与科学中心与2500家其他类型的博物馆以及其余所有的商业娱乐设施激烈竞争。美国以及其他地方的儿童博物馆也同样难逃与商业性儿童娱乐设施的竞争，因为迪士尼等儿童冒险游乐设施在美国和英国都在快速发展。[58]

对动手型博物馆与科学中心产品生命周期的分析表明，它们在开馆4年之后很难再维持较高的观众量水平，尤其是如果不再继续投资于核心展品的话。与加迪夫科学博物馆或布里斯托尔探索馆这样获得长足发展的大型的中心相比，小型中心更难维持观众量。总之，新开的中心所吸引的观众已远不如已有的中心持续失去的观众多。1989—1995年5家可获得数据的动手型中心的对比研究表明，它们在此期间观众增长量取得了49%的增长。而另一个可获得数据的研究包括9家中心在1992—1995年的表现，结果也表明它们在此期间取得了28%的观众增长量。[59]

总之，动手型博物馆与科学中心的总体趋势是好的，英国观众参观动手型博物馆的人数总体在随着新景点的开放而上升。但是，老的中心如果不持续进行投资和更新展品的话，就很可能会丢失观众群。各个动手型博物馆与科学中心需要重新定义它们的战略目标和客户群，采用高标准的管理措施，确保中心在这个竞争激烈的市场中成熟、发展并生存。

[1] 本书各章后注释部分为原书第131～142页内容，不做修改。——编辑注

[2] F.Swift，‘Time to go interactive’，Museum Practice，4，1997，p.23.

[3] J.Kennedy，User Friendly：hands-on exhibits that work，Washington，DC：ASTC，1994，p.2.

[4] G.Thomas and T.Caulton，‘Objects and interactivity：a conflict or a collaboration’，International Journal of Heritage Studies，1，3，1995，pp.143-55；M.Quin，‘What is handson science，and where can I find it？’，Physics Education，25，1990，pp.243-6；M.Quin，The Exploratory pilot，a peer tutor？—the interpreter’s role in an interactive science and technology centre’，in S.Goodlad and B.Hirst （eds），Explorations in Peer Tutoring，Oxford：Blackwell，1990，pp.194-202；M.Quin，‘The Interactive Science and Technology Project：the Nuffield Foundation's launchpad for a European collaborative’，International Journal of Science Education，13，5，1991，pp.569-73；M.Quin，‘Aims，strengths and weaknesses of the European science centre movement’，in R.Miles and L.Zavala （eds），Towards the Museum of the Future，London：Routledge，1994，pp.39-55.

[5] A.W.Lewin，‘Children’s Museums：a structure for family learning’，Marriage and Family Review，13，3-4，1989，pp.51-73.

[6] S.Tait，Palaces of Discovery，London：Quiller Press，1989，p.95.

[7] G.Thomas，‘The age of interaction’，Museums Journal，May 1994，pp.33-4.

[8] Museums Journal，31，April 1931，quoted in D.Follett，The Rise of the Science Museum under Henry Lyons，London：Science Museum （not dated），p.113.

[9] Museums Journal，31，April 1931，quoted in D.Follett，The Rise of the Science Museum under Henry Lyons，London：Science Museum （not dated），p.109.

[10] V.J.Danilov，Science and Technology Centers，Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，1982.

[11] The Exploratorium Cookbooks are still available.Details can be found on the Exploratorium’s World Wide Web server，ExploraNet.

[12] P.A.Gillies and A.W.Wilson，‘Participatory exhibits：is fun educational？’，unpublished report by Science Museum Education Service.

[13] J.Stephenson，‘Discovery Rooms at the Science Museum’，unpublished report by Science Museum Education Service.

[14] A.W.Wilson，Science Museum Review，1987，quoted in S.Tait，op.cit.，p.95.

[15] A.W.Wilson，Science Museum Review，1987，quoted in S.Tait，op.cit.，p.95.

[16] N.Tomlin，‘Interactive science centres and the National Curriculum’，Journal of Education in Museums，11，1990，pp.12-15.

[17] G.Thomas，‘The Inventorium’，in S.Pizzey （ed.），Interactive Science and Technology Centres，London：Science Projects Publishing，1987，pp.77-89.

[18] S.Pizzey，ibid.

[19] S.McCormick （ed.），The ASTC Science Center Survey：administration and finance report，Washington，DC：ASTC，1989，pp.2-3.

[20] E.Silberberg and G.D.Lord，‘Increasing self-generated revenue：children’s museums at the forefront of entrepreneurship into the next century’，Hand to Hand，7，2，1993，pp.1-5.

[21] J.Cleaver，Doing Children’s Museums，Charlotte，VT：Williamson，1992，pp.5-11.

[22] A.W.Lewin，loc.cit.

[23] Quoted from an information sheet ‘Concept of a children’s museum’，provided by the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis，1991.

[24] Association of Youth Museums，discussion document on ‘Professional practices for children’s museums’，1992.

[25] S.Tait，op.cit.，pp.98-9；M.Quin，1994，loc.cit.，pp.48-9.

[26] Tait，op.cit.；J.Brown，‘Attraction review：Exploratory and Techniquest’，Leisure Management，May 1992，pp.36-8.

[27] Tait，op.cit.；J.Brown，‘Attraction review：Exploratory and Techniquest’，Leisure Management，May 1992，pp.36-8.

[28] M.Quin，Physics Education，1990，loc.cit.，p.245.

[29] J.Beetlestone，‘Exploratoria UK’，lecture at the World Heritage and Museums Show，4.5.95.

[30] J.Beetlestone，‘Exploratoria UK’，lecture at the World Heritage and Museums Show，4.5.95.

[31] J.Cramer，‘Dragon Quest’，Leisure Opportunities，June 1995，pp.30-1；interview with Colin Johnson，Deputy Director，Techniquest，30.10.96.

[32] ECSITE Newsletter，1，Feb./Mar.1990，pp.6-7.

[33] S.Pizzey，op.cit.，p.1.

[34] M.Quin，1991，loc.cit.，pp.569-73.

[35] Nuffield Foundation，Interactive Science and Technology Project，Occasional Newsletter，15，Dec.1989，p.3.

[36] Nuffield Foundation，Sharing Science：issues in the development of the interactive science and technology centres，London：British Association for the Advancement of Science，1989.

[37] Nuffield Foundation，Occasional Newsletter，1989，loc.cit.，p.2.

[38] British Interactive Group，Handbook 1，1995.

[39] Derived from Yorkshire and Humberside Museums Council，Keys to the Future，Leeds：YHMC，1994.

[40] S.Davies，By Popular Demand：a strategic analysis of the market potential for museums and galleries in the UK，London：Museums and Galleries Commission，1994，pp.76-80.

[41] S.Davies，By Popular Demand：a strategic analysis of the market potential for museums and galleries in the UK，London：Museums and Galleries Commission，1994，p.55.

[42] Leisure Consultants，Leisure Forecasts 1994-8：Vol.2，leisure away from home，Sudbury：Leisure Consultants，1994，p.43；Leisure Consultants，What's the attraction？：success in the market for places to visit.Vol.2 market research and forecasts，Sudbury：Leisure Consultants，1990，pp.77，126-7.

[43] S.Grinell，A New Place for Learning Science：starting and running a science center，Washington，DC：ASTC，1992，p.7.

[44] Promotional material for the First Science Centre World Congress held at Heureka，Finland in 1996，quoted in Museums Journal，Feb.1995，p.21.

[45] M.Hanna，Sightseeing in the UK 1995，London：BTA/ETB Research Services，1996，p.37.

[46] Museums Association，‘Facts about museums’，Museums Briefing，15，Mar.1997.

[47] S.Davies，op.cit.，p.61.

[48] M.Hanna，op.cit.，p.37.

[49] British Interactive Group，op.cit.

[50] M.Hanna，Sightseeing in the UK，London：BTA/ETB Research Services，annual series.

[51] These are：the ARC，Armagh Planetarium，Catalyst，Eureka！，Bristol Exploratory，Explore It （Northern Ireland），Green’s Mill and Science Centre，Satrosphere，Jodrell Bank Science Centre，Newcastle Discovery，Sellafield Visitor Centre，Snibston Discovery Park and Techniquest.

[52] These are：the Science Museum，the Natural History Museum，the National Maritime Museum，Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry，North West Museum of Science and Industry.

[53] G.Thomas and T.Caulton，‘Objects and interactivity：a conflict or a collaboration’，loc.cit.，p.151.

[54] G.Delac?te，‘Science centres：an industry on the decline’，unpublished paper presented at Education for Scientific Literacy conference at Science Museum，8.11.94.

[55] M.Hanna，op.cit.

[56] These are：the ARC，Armagh Planetarium，Green's Mill and Science Centre，Jodrell Bank Science Centre，Satrosphere，Sellafield Visitor Centre，Techniquest.

[57] British Interactive Group，Newsletter，winter 1995，p.2.

[58] Discovery Zone had 100 sites scheduled to open in the USA by the end of 1993.E.Silberberg and G.D.Lord，loc.cit.，p.1.

[59] Evidence of Armagh Planetarium，the Exploratory，Green’s Mill and Science Centre，Jodrell Bank Science Centre and Techniquest for 1989-95，and in addition of Eureka！，Catalyst，Satrosphere and Snibston Discovery Park for 1992-5.Source，M.Hanna，op.cit.