（b）make appropriate recommendations on whether any modifications of the provisions of the multilateral trading system are required, compatible with the open, equitable and non-discriminatory nature of the system.
部长们决定把上述宽泛的授权限定在10项具体工作的议程，并将该议程作为其讨论的框架。2001年多哈部长级会议后，成员方要求委员会主要集中考虑三个问题：（1）WTO与多边环境协定的关系；（2）多边环境协定的秘书与WTO信息交流的程序，以及在WTO会议中承认多边环境协定观察员地位的标准；（3）减少或消除环保货物和服务贸易的壁垒。此外，委员会在履行其工作计划时还应格外注意以下三方面内容：（1）环境措施对市场准入的影响，以及消除贸易冲击对环境的益处；（2）TRIPS协定的相关条款；（3）为环境保护目的的标识要求。
在10项授权范围事项中，第1项、第5项和第10项，即多边贸易体制规则与多边环境协定中的贸易措施的关系及其争端解决机制的关系，WTO与政府间和非政府组织的关系，目前正处于谈判中。第3项、第6项和第8项被列为重点问题。
（1）the relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and trade measures for environmental purposes, including those pursuant to multilateral environmental agreements;（2）the relationship between environmental policies relevant to trade and environmental measures with significant trade effects and the provisions of the multilateral trading system;（3）the relationship between the provisions of the multilateral trading system and: （a） charges and taxes for environmental purposes;（b） requirements for environmental purposes relating to products, including standards and technical regulations, packaging, labelling and recycling; （4）the provisions of the multilateral trading system with respect to the transparency of trade measures used for environmental purposes and environmental measures and requirements which have significant trade effects;（5）the relationship between the dispute settlement mechan-isms in the multilateral trading system and those found in multi-lateral environmental agreements;（6）the effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to developing countries, in particular to the least developed among them, and environmental benefits of removing trade restrictions and distortions;（7）the issue of exports of domestically prohibited goods;（8）that the Committee on Trade and Environment will consider the work programme envisaged in the Decision on Trade in Services and the Environment and the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intel-lectual Property Rights as an integral part of its work, within the above terms of reference;（9）that, pending the first meeting of the General Council of the WTO, the work of the Committee on Trade and Environment should be carried out by a Sub-Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the World Trade Organization （PCWTO）, open to all members of the PCWTO;（10） to invite the Sub-Committee of the Preparatory Committee, and the Committee on Trade and Environment when it is established, to provide input to the relevant bodies in respect of appropriate arrangements for relations with inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations referred to in Article V of the WTO.
3.WTO其他协定有关环境的规则
（1）服务贸易总协定的第14条包含与GATT第20条相同的序言和相同的（b）项规定，但无（g）项规定。（b）项允许成员方采取通常与GATS不相符的政策措施，如果该措施“是保护人类、动植物的生命和健康所必需”。同GATT第20条序言相同，该措施不得导致武断的和不合理的歧视并且不得构成隐蔽的保护主义。
Article ⅩⅣ: General Exceptions
Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where like conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on trade in services, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of measures:
（b） necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health.
（2）WTO技术贸易壁垒协定旨在确保产品标准，无论是强制性的还是自愿的（技术规范和标准），以及评估遵守这些标准的程序（相符评估程序），不构成对贸易的不必要壁垒。在其前言部分，该协定肯定了成员方在其认为合适的范围内采取特定措施的权利，例如，保护人类、动植物的生命或健康，或是环境。而且，成员方有权采取措施以确保他们的保护标准被执行（即制定“相符评估程序”）。
该协定还要求成员方：在准备、通过和实施技术规范、标准和相符评估程序过程中的非歧视；避免对贸易的不必要壁垒；将所采取的措施通知WTO秘书处并建立国内咨询场所来确保这些措施的透明度。
Recognizing that no country should be prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure the quality of its exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade, and are otherwise in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement...
（3）卫生与动植物卫生措施协定涉及食品安全和人类、动植物安全和健康规范。该协定认可成员方制定SPS措施的权利，但规定这些措施必须以风险评估为基础，不得对贸易造成不必要的壁垒（应当仅在保护人类、动植物生命和健康的必需程度内实施），并且不应在相同条件的成员方之间形成无端的、不合理的歧视。该协定鼓励成员方根据为其供应进口的领域的差别（地区、国家或国家的部分领土）来调整SPS措施。
SPS协定对技术贸易壁垒协定来说起到了补充的作用。它允许成员方为环境目的制定SPS措施，但需要满足一定的条件，例如风险评估、非歧视和透明度等。
Members,
Reaffirming that no Member should be prevented from adopting or enforcing measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, subject to the requirement that these measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between Members where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade.
Desiring to improve the human health, animal health and phytosanitary situation in all Members.
（4）与贸易有关的知识产权协定的第五节有关专利的规定直接提到了环境问题。该协定第27条的第2款和第3款指出，成员方可以规定某些发明不能取得专利。为保护人类、动植物生命和健康，或为避免对环境的严重损害，一成员方可以排除某一发明申请专利，如果该成员方认为该发明基于上述目标或其他特定的目的必须被阻止授予专利。
协定要求应当对微生物授予专利。同样，对于生产动植物的非生物和微生物程序也应授予专利。对植物新品种的保护可以通过专利或专门设置的独特制度来保护。但并不要求对动物与植物授予专利。TRIPS协定允许成员方拒绝对威胁环境的发明授予专利（如果为了保护环境而禁止这些发明的商业开发是必要的）。出于道德或其他原因，TRIPS还排除了动植物的专利申请。
Article 27 Patentable Subject Matter
2. Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect order public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.
3. Members may also exclude from patentability:
（b） plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However, Members shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective suigeneris system or by any combination thereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.
（5）补贴与反补贴措施协定适用于非农产品的补贴，协定是为规范补贴的使用而制定。在该协定下，允许特定的被命名为不可申诉的补贴的使用。在第8条第2款c项不可申诉的补贴中，包括为促进现有的设施适合新的环境标准而使用的补贴。然而，该条款在1999年年底已全部失效。
8.2 Notwithstanding the provisions of Parts Ⅲ（actionable subsidies） and Ⅴ （countervailing measures）, the following subsidies shall be non-actionable:
（c） assistance to promote adaptation of existing facilities to new environmental requirements imposed by law and/or regulations which result in greater constraints and financial burden on firms, provided that the assistance:
（i） is a one-time non-recurring measure; and
（ii） is limited to 20 per cent of the cost of adaptation; and
（iii） does not cover the cost of replacing and operating the assisted investment, which must be fully borne by firms; and
（iv） is directly linked to and proportionate to a firm's planned reduction of nuisances and pollution, and does not cover any manufacturing cost savings which may be achieved; and
（v） is available to all firms which can adopt the new equipment and/or production processes.
（6）乌拉圭回合通过的农产品协定对传统的农产品贸易进行改革，从而为制定以市场为导向的政策提供基础。在序言中，协定重申成员方以有利于保护环境的方式改革农业。在该协定下，对贸易影响最小的国内支持措施（被称为“绿箱”政策——协定的附件二所列举）被允许维持并被排除在消减承诺之外。在这些措施中，包含符合特定条件的环境项目支出。
Noting that commitments under the reform programme should be made in an equitable way among all Members, having regard to non-trade concerns, including food security and the need to protect the environment.
ANNEX 2: Domestic Support: the basis for exemption from the reduction commitments
12. Payments under environmental programmes
（a） Eligibility for such payments shall be determined as part of a clearly-defined government environmental or conservation programme and be dependent on the fulfilment of specific conditions under the government programme, including conditions related to production methods or inputs.
（b） The amount of payment shall be limited to the extra costs or loss of income involved in complying with the government programme.
（7）乌拉圭回合通过了两个部长决定解决环境问题。除了上述“关于贸易与环境的部长决定”，部长级会议还通过了服务贸易与环境的决定。它指示贸易与环境委员会审查服务贸易与环境的关系，包括可持续发展问题，并且提出报告，从而为修改GATS第24条进行论证。贸易与环境委员会将该问题作为其工作计划的一部分。
三、多哈回合谈判中的环境议题
多哈宣言在序言中有两处提到了可持续发展。“我们强烈地重申在可持续发展目标上的承诺”（第六段）多哈宣言还包含其他一系列明确指向环境问题的谈判议题，在多哈宣言中此类涉及贸易与环境关系的议题共有12项之多。这些议题可以分为“谈判议题”和“讨论议题”。
1.谈判议题
多哈宣言第31段列举了三个问题。这些是作为“一揽子”承诺的组成部分。即这些内容在多哈谈判最终结果达成之前必须在成员方之间达成协议。
（1）WTO规则与MEAs中的特定贸易义务之间的关系。“特定贸易义务”并无明确的概念，但多指MEAs特别授权的措施（许多MEAs只规定了目标，允许成员方自己决定最有利于达成这些目标的措施）。谈判的范围是狭窄的，只涵盖MEAs成员方之间的冲突，而成员与非成员方之间冲突的可能性是巨大的。
（2）MEAs秘书处与相关WTO委员会之间经常性信息交换的程序，以及承认MEAs观察员地位的标准。例如，在WTO讨论特定TRIPS问题时，CBD秘书处应当被允许参与其中,但在该问题上取得进展比较困难，因为该问题对WTO的挑战是全方位的：WTO应寻找与所有其他国际机制合作的更具建设性的方法。
（3）减少或消除环保产品和服务的贸易壁垒。这对于经济和环境效益都是有利的，但挑战在于如何界定“环保商品和服务”。例如，节能型汽车，或任何其他在其类别中有环保优势的产品是否属于环保产品？如果属于，该标准应由谁来制定并管理？在环境友好型方式下生产出来的产品是否属于环保产品？
目前，第31段的谈判在贸易与环境委员会特殊会议（CTE meeting in Special Session，CTESS）的主导下进行，标志着该委员会从商谈机构向谈判场所的重要转变。
2.讨论议题
第32段列举了三项议题作为讨论议题，这些议题来自贸易与环境委员会原有的授权范围中，除非存在不可预见的情况发生，这些议题不会成为多哈回合协议的一部分。
（1）环境措施对市场准入的影响，以及取消或削减贸易限制和冲击将使贸易、环境和发展受益的情况。这些问题在贸易与环境委员会成立之初就被列入议程，并且很难成为谈判的主题。发展中国家担忧环境措施会被用于贸易壁垒，并且确信取消出口的贸易壁垒可以同时产生经济和环境效益。
（2）TRIPS协定的相关条款，可以包括对生命形式授予专利的例外工作。宣言中包含TRIPS和生物多样性公约关系的主题。
（3）为环保目的的标识要求，目前的讨论集中在环境标识要求在什么情况下会构成市场准入的不合理壁垒。
3.其他领域的谈判所涉及的环境问题
明确涉及环境问题的两个领域的谈判（一揽子承诺的一部分）。
（1）第28段，标题为WTO规则，多哈宣言涉及非农业补贴，要求对WTO渔业补贴规则加以澄清并改进。该问题具有明显的环境意义，而且也正是由于环境利益才使其被列为议程中。
（2）第19段，TRIPS的谈判，多哈宣言要求检查TRIPS协定与生物多样性公约之间的关系，以便根据第31段对WTO和MEAs关系的谈判。
4.其他领域谈判所暗含的环境问题
（1）农业贸易是多哈谈判的核心问题。在关于农业补贴的争论中环境问题变得越来越重要，这至少有以下两个方面的原因。第一，如果农业过度生产的话，从环境角度看农业补贴会产生破坏性的效果。第二，一些国家使用农业补贴来保护农村环境，并且对于此类补贴是否具有保护主义效果是有争议的。
（2）在WTO第一次新加坡部长级会议，投资问题属于“新加坡问题”，这类问题是否进行谈判尚未达成协议。从那时起，投资问题的谈判变得更有争议，环境问题在其中成为批判分析的触媒。
5.可持续发展
多哈宣言还包含其他一些条款，这些条款在可持续发展的广泛立场上十分重要。
（1）宣言的序言强烈地重申WTO成员方在可持续发展目标的承诺。尽管序言对谈判的进行不会产生太大影响，但他们会在争端解决机制的专家组解决贸易环境问题时发挥重要的指引作用。
（2）序言同时强调一些国家对贸易政策所从事的环境评估的努力。
（3）序言重申WTO、UNEP和其他政府间环境组织之间的合作。
（4）第33段强调贸易与环境领域技术援助和能力建设的重要性，号召希望在国内层面上从事环境审查的国家相互交流经验。
（5）第51段号召贸易与发展委员会和贸易与环境委员会对谈判中的发展和环境问题进行研究，以使可持续发展的目标得以适当体现。该条是暗含在谈判中将环境与发展目标有力结合的可能，但关于第51段的讨论是受到限制的。
多哈会议后，2003年9月，在墨西哥坎昆举行的第五次WTO部长级会议原打算为结束多哈谈判设置路标，但会议却无果而终，在投资和农业等问题上更是举步维艰。这使整个多哈决议处于被搁置状态，从而导致投资、竞争政策和政府采购等从谈判议程上被撤下。2004年日内瓦会议使谈判在某种程度上回到了正轨，但农业和非农业市场准入仍是棘手问题。2005年第六次香港部长级会议重申了环境问题的谈判目的，并对目前谈判所取得的进展（包括WTO成员方提出WTO规则与多边环境协定中特殊贸易义务的关系；MEAs秘书处与相关WTO委员会经常性信息交换程序；观察员地位的标准）予以认可。另外，宣言还指示成员方加速完成讨论议题工作。
Ministerial Declaration
WT/MIN（01）/DEC/1，20 November 2001，Adopted on 14 November 2001
Trade and environment
31.With a view to enhancing the mutualsupportiveness of trade and environment, we agree to negotiations, without prejudging their outcome, on:
（i） the relationship between existing WTO rules and specific trade obligations set out in multilateral environmental agreements （MEAs）. The negotiations shall be limited in scope to the applicability of such existing WTO rules as among parties to the MEA in question. The negotiations shall not prejudice the WTO rights of any Member that is not a party to the MEA in question;
（ii） procedures for regular information exchange between MEA Secretariats and the relevant WTO committees, and the criteria for the granting of observer status;
（iii） the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.
We note that fisheries subsidies form part of the negotiations provided for in paragraph 28.
32. We instruct the Committee on Trade and Environment, in pursuing work on all items on its agenda within its current terms of reference, to give particular attention to:
（i） the effect of environmental measures on market access, especially in relation to developing countries, in particular the least-developed among them, and those situations in which the elimination or reduction of trade restrictions and distortions would benefit trade, the environment and development;
（ii） the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; and
（iii） labelling requirements for environmental purposes.
Work on these issues should include the identification of any need to clarify relevant WTO rules. The Committee shall report to the Fifth Session of the Ministerial Conference, and make recommendations, where appropriate, with respect to future action, including the desirability of negotiations. The outcome of this work as well as the negotiations carried out under paragraph 31（i） and （ii） shall be compatible with the open and non-discriminatory nature of the multilateral trading system, shall not add to or diminish the rights and obligations of members under existing WTO agreements, in particular the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, nor alter the balance of these rights and obligations, and will take into account the needs of developing and least-developed countries.
33.We recognize the importance of technical assistance and capacity building in the field of trade and environment to developing countries, in particular the least-developed among them. We also encourage that expertise and experience be shared with members wishing to perform environmental reviews at the national level. A report shall be prepared on these activities for the Fifth Session.
Environment negotiations
30. We reaffirm the mandate in paragraph 31 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration aimed at enhancing the mutual supportiveness of trade and environment and welcome the significant work undertaken in the Committee on Trade and Environment （CTE） in Special Session. We instruct Members to intensify the negotiations, without prejudging their outcome, on all parts of paragraph 31 to fulfil the mandate.
31. We recognize the progress in the work under paragraph 31（i） based on Members’ submissions on the relationship between existing WTO rules and specific trade obligations set out in multilateral environmental agreements （MEAs）. We further recognize the work undertaken under paragraph 31（ii） towards developing effective procedures for regular information exchange between MEA Secretariats and the relevant WTO committees, and criteria for the granting of observer status.
32. We recognize that recently more work has been carried out under paragraph 31（iii） through numerous submissions by Members and discussions in the CTE in Special Session, including technical discussions, which were also held in informal information exchange sessions without prejudice to Members’ positions. We instruct Members to complete the work expeditiously under paragraph 31（iii）.[33]
在此复杂和不稳定的背景下，贸易与环境问题实际上并未发生多大改变。原计划谈判的三个主要问题离达成协议仍遥遥无期，然而一旦成员方在其他问题上达成协议，尤其是在农业问题上，环境问题似乎有可能取得进展。[34]近年来，在全球极端气候频繁出现，而关于气候变化的国际协议难以达成的背景下，WTO积极参与气候变化会议，提出“贸易能够在解决气候变化问题上发挥作用”的观点，关注绿色经济措施、贸易和气候变化之间的关系。[35]尽管如此，对于成员方来说，演讲、谈话、声明等仅仅是WTO在贸易与环境问题上的政策，在WTO框架内，有拘束力的协议远未达成。
[1] Howard Mann, Stephen Porter,The State of Trade and Environment Law 2003:Implications for Doha and Beyond, International Institute for Sustainable Development,p.3.
[2] 曹建明、贺小勇：《世界贸易组织》第2版，北京，法律出版社，2004，第307页。
[3] Key multilateral environmental agreements （MEAs） relevant to trade include: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora （CITES） 1973；Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer1985；Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer1987；Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal1992；Convention on Biological Diversity1992；Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety2000；United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change（UNFCCC） 1992；Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1997；Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade （PIC） 1998；Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants（POPs） 2001。See The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.pp.14-15.
[4] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.pp.12-13.
[5] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.pp.65-69.
[6] United States - Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada, adopted on 22 February 1982, BISD 29S/91.
[7] Canada - Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, adopted on 22 March 1988, BISD 35S/98.
[8] Thailand - Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, adopted on 7 November 1990, BISD 37S/200.
[9] United States - Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, circulated on 3 September 1991, not adopted, DS 21/R.
[10] United States - Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, circulated on 16 June 1994, not adopted, DS 29/R.
[11] United States - Taxes on Automobiles, circulated on 11 October 1994, not adopted, DS 31/R.
[12] United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Appellate Body Report and Panel Report, adopted on 20 May 1996, WT/DS2/R and WT/DS2/AB/R.
[13] United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Appellate Body Report and Panel Report adopted on 6 November 1998, WT/DS58.
[14] European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, Appellate Body Report and Panel Report, adopted on 5 April 2001, WT/DS135.
[15] Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Panel Report, adopted on 12 June 2007,WT/DS332/R.
[16] 这些例外包括反倾销、反补贴、国际收支平衡、保护幼稚工业、保障措施、一般豁免、一般例外、安全例外以及区域经济一体化等相关条款，参见伯纳德· 霍克曼，迈克尔·考斯泰基：《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织》，北京，法律出版社，1999，第159～237页。
[17] European Communities—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos - Containing Products, Report of the Panel,WT/DS135/R,18 September 2000.
[18] European Communities—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos - Containing Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WT/DS135/AB/R,12 March 2001.
[19] United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline,WT/DS2/R, Report of the Panel ,29 January 1996.
[20] United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline,WT/DS2/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body,20 May 1996.
[21] United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products ,Report of The Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/RW ,22 October 2001 ,para.6.1.
[22] Border Tax Adjustments, Report of Working Party ,adopted on 2 December 1970 （L/3464） , para. 18.
[23] European Communities —Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products,Report of the Appellate Body, WT/DS135/AB/R,12 March 2001 , 12 March 2001 , para. 121.
[24] United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products ,Report of The Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/R,12 October 1998. para. 133.
[25] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.p.37.
[26] United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products ,Report of The Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/R,12 October 1998. para. 25.
[27] United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products ,Report of The Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/R,12 October 1998. para. 141,145.
[28] United States - Standard for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Report of The Appellate Body, WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, pp.20-21.
[29] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.p.38.
[30] WTO rules and environmental policies: GATT exceptions, available at: http://www.WTO.org/english/tratop _e/envir_e/envt_rules_exceptions_e.htm. last visited at:23/05/2008.
[31] Japan- Alcoholic Beverages Ⅱ, Report of The Appellate Body , WT/DS10/AB/R; DS11/AB/R, adopted on 1 November 1996 ,p.29.
[32] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.p.34.
[33] Doha work programme, Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN（05）/DEC,22 December 2005.
[34] The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Environment and Trade:A Handbook（2nd Edition）,2005.pp.103-107.
[35] Trade can play a role in addressing climate change, WTO: 2011 NEWS ITEMS, 5 December 2011.