一、乌拉圭回合的知识产权谈判概述
（一）与贸易有关的知识产权谈判背景
与贸易有关的知识产权谈判是在乌拉圭回合开始的。在乌拉圭回合之前，知识产权的国际保护体系存在着诸多缺陷，尽管已经缔结了一些知识产权保护的国际条约，但缔约国的数目较少，各条约之间缺乏相互协调机制，也没有强有力的机构保障条约的实施。
在乌拉圭回合之前，关税与贸易总协定在知识产权的国际保护中基本上没有发挥过作用，知识产权的国际保护不力已经对国际贸易构成严重障碍，这尤其令发达国家感到不安。鉴于GATT在国际贸易中的影响力和其成员的广泛性，发达国家极力主张在乌拉圭回合中就知识产权问题进行多边谈判，以期将知识产权保护纳入GATT多边法律框架中。于是，在乌拉圭回合启动时，瑞士等二十多个国家正式提出要把知识产权作为一个新的议题纳入谈判议案；而美国代表更是提出，如果不将知识产权议题纳入谈判，美国代表将拒绝参加乌拉圭回合谈判。
（二）与贸易有关的知识产权谈判的原则和目标
《乌拉圭回合部长宣言》（Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round）阐述了知识产权问题谈判的原则和目标。
In order to reduce the distortions and impediments to international trade, and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights, and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade, the negotiations shall aim to clarify GATT provisions and elaborate as appropriate new rules and disciplines.
Negotiations shall aim to develop a multilateral framework of principles, rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods, taking into account work already undertaken in the GATT.
These negotiations shall be without prejudice to other complementary initiatives that may be taken in the World Intellectual Property Organization and elsewhere to deal with these matters.
（三）谈判的进程
就知识产权而言，按最初的议题，只对与贸易有关的知识产权问题进行谈判，但随着谈判的深入，谈判超出了原定的范围，几乎涉及知识产权所有领域。
知识产权的谈判最初面临巨大的困难。从对谈判的态度看，大部分发展中国家对知识产权问题反应冷淡，有的发展中国家甚至反对。从谈判的内容上看，发达国家和发展中国家的立场差距很大。但由于整个乌拉圭回合采用“一揽子协议”（A package of agreements）谈判方式，如果不在知识产权方面作出妥协，很难在其他方面使发达国家作出让步，比如纺织品协议和农业协议方面等，因此，很多发展中国家转而支持知识产权问题的谈判并作出尽可能的让步。到1991年，时任总干事邓克尔提出的最后文本草案中，有关知识产权的协定基本上获得通过。1993年12月15日，随着乌拉圭回合谈判的全部结束，知识产权问题也形成了最终的协议。《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》（简称《TRIPS协定》）被纳入到最后文件（附件1C），成为世界贸易组织多边贸易规则不可分割的组成部分。
二、TRIPS协定的基本原则
（一）国民待遇原则
国民待遇原则是知识产权国际保护领域中的一项基本原则，在《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》等国际公约中均有规定，TRIPS协定重申了国民待遇原则。
《TRIPS协定》第3条规定：“在知识产权保护方面，一成员方向其他成员方提供的待遇不得低于其向本国国民提供的待遇标准，但《巴黎公约》（1967）、《伯尔尼公约》（1971）、《罗马公约》或《关于集成电路的知识产权条约》中有例外规定的除外。对于表演者、唱片制作者和广播组织者而言，此项义务仅适用于本协议规定的权利。”
（二）最惠国待遇原则
最惠国待遇原则被认为是关贸总协定的基石，这一重要的原则在《TRIPS协定》中得到明确，对知识产权国际保护的发展具有重要意义。需要注意的是，最惠国待遇的参照对象并不是WTO成员，即一成员给予任何国家国民的优惠待遇，都应无条件地给予所有WTO成员的国民。
《TRIPS协定》第4条规定：
With regard to the protection of intellectual property, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by a Member to the nationals of any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of all other Members. Exempted from this obligation are any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity accorded by a Member:
（a） deriving from international agreements on judicial assistance or law enforcement of a general nature and not particularly confined to the protection of intellectual property;
（b） granted in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention （1971） or the Rome Convention authorizing that the treatment accorded be a function not of national treatment but of the treatment accorded in another country;
（c） in respect of the rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations not provided under this Agreement;
（d） deriving from international agreements related to the protection of intellectual property which entered into force prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, provided that such agreements are notified to the Council for TRIPS and do not constitute an arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination against nationals of other Members.
（三）防止权利滥用原则
《TRIPS协定》第8条第2款明确规定：Appropriate measures, provided that they are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement, may be needed to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights by right holders or the resort to practices which unreasonably restrain trade or adversely affect the international transfer of technology.
（四）透明度原则
《TRIPS协定》第63条用4个条款详细规定与《TRIPS协定》有关的国内法律、条例、司法判决、行政决定的公布、通知、提供义务以及该义务的例外。
1. Laws and regulations, and final judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application, made effective by a Member pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement （the availability, scope, acquisition, enforcement and prevention of the abuse of intellectual property rights） shall be published, or where such publication is not practicable made publicly available, in a national language, in such a manner as to enable governments and right holders to become acquainted with them. Agreements concerning the subject matter of this Agreement which are in force between the government or a governmental agency of a Member and the government or a governmental agency of another Member shall also be published.
2. Members shall notify the laws and regulations referred to in paragraph 1 to the Council for TRIPS in order to assist that Council in its review of the operation of this Agreement.
3. Each Member shall be prepared to supply, in response to a written request from another Member, information of the sort referred to in paragraph 1.
4. Nothing in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall require Members to disclose confidential information which would impede law enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the public interest or would prejudice the legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.
三、《TRIPS协定》中关于版权保护的规则
（一）《TRIPS协定》与《伯尔尼公约》的关系
《TRIPS协定》第9条第1款规定：全体成员均应遵守《伯尔尼公约》1971年文本第1～21条及公约附录。但对于《伯尔尼公约》第6条第2款规定之权利或对于从该条引申的权利，成员应依本协议而免除权利或义务。（即关于作者的精神权利方面，《TRIPS协定》成员可以不履行《伯尔尼公约》的相应义务）
（二）版权保护的对象
《TRIPS协定》第9条第2款规定：Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.
（三）关于计算机程序和数据汇编
《TRIPS协定》第10条第1款规定：Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention （1971）.
《TRIPS协定》第10条第2款规定：Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.
（四）版权的保护期
Whenever the term of protection of a work, other than a photographic work or a work of applied art, is calculated on a basis other than the life of a natural person, such term shall be no less than 50 years from the end of the calendar year of authorized publication, or, failing such authorized publication within 50 years from the making of the work, 50 years from the end of the calendar year of making.
（五）限制与例外
在版权保护领域，合理使用已经成为一项重要的制度，《TRIPS协定》中规定的限制与例外实际上是对合理使用的限制。
《TRIPS协定》第13条规定：Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
四、《TRIPS协定》中的商标权保护规则
（一）可保护的客体
对于商标权的客体，《TRIPS协定》第15条第1款规定：Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs, in particular words including personal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colours as well as any combination of such signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, Members may makeregistrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use. Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible.
（二）“使用”要求
1.“使用”是否可以作为商标注册申请的条件
《TRIPS协定》第15条第3款规定：Members may make registrability depend on use. However, actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an application for registration. An application shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.
2.“使用”是否可以作为维持商标注册的条件
《TRIPS协定》第19条第1款规定：如果要将使用作为维持注册的前提，则只有至少连续3年不使用，商标所有人又未提出妨碍使用的有效理由，方可撤销其注册。如果非因商标所有人的意愿而构成使用商标的障碍，诸如进口限制或政府对该商标所标示的商品或服务的其他要求，则应承认其为“不使用”的有效理由。
（三）所授予的权利
《TRIPS协定》第16条第1款的规定：The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights, nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use.
（四）驰名商标的保护
1.服务商标应适用驰名商标保护的规定
《TRIPS协定》第16条第2款规定，《巴黎公约》1967年文本第6条之2，原则上适用于服务商标。
2.确定驰名商标应考虑的因素
In determining whether a trademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public, including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark.
3.驰名商标的效力
Article 6bis of the Paris Convention （1967） shall apply,mutatis mutandis, to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered, provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.
（五）保护期
《TRIPS协定》第18条规定：Initial registration, and each renewal of registration, of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years. The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.
（六）许可与转让
Members may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks, it being understood that the compulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign the trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.
五、其他规则
（一）地理标志保护规则
1.地理标志的界定
Geographical indications are, for the purposes of this Agreement, indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
2.成员的义务
In respect of geographical indications, Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent:
（a） the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in question originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public as to the geographical origin of the good;
（b） any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention （1967）.
A Member shall, ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party, refuse or invalidate the registration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originating in the territory indicated, if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature as to mislead the public as to the true place of origin.
（二）工业品外观设计保护规则
1.对保护对象的要求
《TRIPS协定》第25条第1款规定：Members shall provide for the protection of independently created industrial designs that are new or original.
2.保护的权利
The owner of a protected industrial design shall have the right to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from making, selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy, or substantially a copy, of the protected design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes.
3.保护期
The duration of protection available shall amount to at least 10 years.
（三）专利保护规则
1.可获得专利的条件
Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3, patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.
2.可获得专利的例外
Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect public order or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.
Members may also exclude from patentability:
（a） diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals;
（b） plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes.
3.所授予的权利
A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights:
（a） where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the acts of: making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes that product;
（b） where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the act of using the process, and from the acts of: using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes at least the product obtained directly by that process.
同时，专利权作为私权，所有人当然享有通过转让、继承转移其专利所有权和通过签订许可合同许可他人使用的权利。
4.专利的强制许可
《TRIPS协定》第31条规定的未经权利人许可的其他使用，实际上是指专利的强制许可，协议对强制许可进行了严格的限制，规定了12项限制条件。
5.专利的撤销和无效
《TRIPS协定》第32条并未规定专利的撤销和无效的具体规则，只是要求成员在作出撤销和无效的决定时，应提供司法审查的机会。
An opportunity for judicial review of any decision to revoke or forfeit a patent shall be available.
6.专利保护的期限
The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.
（四）集成电路布图设计保护规则
1.保护范围
Members shall consider unlawful the following acts if performed without the authorization of the right holder: importing, selling, or otherwise distributing for commercial purposes a protected layout-design, an integrated circuit in which a protected layout-design is incorporated, or an article incorporating such an integrated circuit only in so far as it continues to contain an unlawfully reproduced layout-design.
2.保护的期限
In Members requiring registration as a condition of protection, the term of protection of layout-designs shall not end before the expiration of a period of 10 years counted from the date of filing an application for registration or from the first commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.
In Members not requiring registration as a condition for protection, layout-designs shall be protected for a term of no less than 10 years from the date of the first commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.
Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, a Member may provide that protection shall lapse 15 years after the creation of the layout-design.
（五）未披露信息保护规则
1.构成未披露信息的条件
《TRIPS协定》规定了未披露信息保护的三个条件：第一，未披露信息是秘密的；第二，因其处于秘密状态而具有商业价值；第三，对秘密信息采取了合理的措施以保持其秘密状态。
2.对未披露信息的保护
Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices so long as such information.
六、知识产权的执法规则
（一）概述
《TRIPS协定》的一大特色是它具有一套完整的执法规则和机制，这是《TRIPS协定》与在它之前的所有的知识产权国际条约的重大区别之一。协定在第三部分规定了知识产权的执法规则，其内容十分详尽，包括成员的一般义务、民事和行政程序及救济、临时措施、边境措施和刑事程序等内容，共21条。
（二）一般义务
在知识产权执法方面，各成员的差别很大，有的成员甚至还没有建立完整的知识产权执法体系，为了规范各成员知识产权的执法行为，更好地保障知识产权协议的落实，协议要求各成员努力做到以下几点。
1. Members shall ensure that enforcement procedures as specified in this Part are available under their law so as to permit effective action against any act of infringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Agreement, including expeditious remedies to prevent infringements and remedies which constitute a deterrent to further infringements. These procedures shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.
2. Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights shall be fair and equitable. They shall not be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.
3. Decisions on the merits of a case shall preferably be in writing and reasoned. They shall be made available at least to the parties to the proceeding without undue delay. Decisions on the merits of a case shall be based only on evidence in respect of which parties were offered the opportunity to be heard.
4. Parties to a proceeding shall have an opportunity for review by a judicial authority of final administrative decisions and, subject to jurisdictional provisions in a Member's law concerning the importance of a case, of at least the legal aspects of initial judicial decisions on the merits of a case. However, there shall be no obligation to provide an opportunity for review of acquittals in criminal cases.
（三）民事和行政程序及救济
《TRIPS协定》用7个条文（第42～48条）规定民事程序及救济，仅用一个条文规定行政程序，而且规定如果采用行政程序救济时，应采用本节规定的同样规则。由此可见，协定在知识产权执法方面强调民事程序的倾向。
1.公平合理程序
Members shall make available to right holders civil judicial procedures concerning the enforcement of any intellectual property right covered by this Agreement. Defendants shall have the right to written notice which is timely and contains sufficient detail, including the basis of the claims. Parties shall be allowed to be represented by independent legal counsel, and procedures shall not impose overly burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personal appearances. All parties to such procedures shall be duly entitled to substantiate their claims and to present all relevant evidence. The procedure shall provide a means to identify and protect confidential information, unless this would be contrary to existing constitutional requirements.
2.证据
The judicial authorities shall have the authority, where a party has presented reasonably available evidence sufficient to support its claims and has specified evidence relevant to substantiation of its claims which lies in the control of the opposing party, to order that this evidence be produced by the opposing party, subject in appropriate cases to conditions which ensure the protection of confidential information.
In cases in which a party to a proceeding voluntarily and without good reason refuses access to, or otherwise does not provide necessary information within a reasonable period, or significantly impedes a procedure relating to an enforcement action, a Member may accord judicial authorities the authority to make preliminary and final determinations, affirmative or negative, on the basis of the information presented to them, including the complaint or the allegation presented by the party adversely affected by the denial of access to information, subject to providing the parties an opportunity to be heard on the allegations or evidence.
3.禁令
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order a party to desist from an infringement, inter alia to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of imported goods that involve the infringement of an intellectual property right, immediately after customs clearance of such goods. Members are not obliged to accord such authority in respect of protected subject matter acquired or ordered by a person prior to knowing or having reasonable grounds to know that dealing in such subject matter would entail the infringement of an intellectual property right.
4.损害赔偿
《TRIPS协定》第45条规定对侵犯知识产权的损害赔偿问题，涉及故意侵权和非故意侵权的赔偿以及赔偿的范围，主要内容如下。
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the infringer to pay the right holder damages adequate to compensate for the injury the right holder has suffered because of an infringement of that person's intellectual property right by an infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in infringing activity.
The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order the infringer to pay the right holder expenses, which may include appropriate attorney's fees. In appropriate cases, Members may authorize the judicial authorities to order recovery of profits and/or payment of pre-established damages even where the infringer did not knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity.
5.其他救济措施
In order to create an effective deterrent to infringement, the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order that goods that they have found to be infringing be, without compensation of any sort, disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a manner as to avoid any harm caused to the right holder, or, unless this would be contrary to existing constitutional requirements, destroyed. The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order that materials and implements the predominant use of which has been in the creation of the infringing goods be, without compensation of any sort, disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a manner as to minimize the risks of further infringements. In considering such requests, the need for proportionality between the seriousness of the infringement and the remedies ordered as well as the interests of third parties shall be taken into account. In regard to counterfeit trademark goods, the simple removal of the trademark unlawfully affixed shall not be sufficient, other than in exceptional cases, to permit release of the goods into the channels of commerce.
6.对被告的赔偿
《TRIPS协定》第48条规定了滥用知识产权的赔偿责任。其中第1款是对权利人滥用知识产权执法程序应当对被告人承担的赔偿责任，第2款是关于行政机关的行政赔偿责任。具体内容如下。
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order a party at whose request measures were taken and who has abused enforcement procedures to provide to a party wrongfully enjoined or restrained adequate compensation for the injury suffered because of such abuse. The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order the applicant to pay the defendant expenses, which may include appropriate attorney's fees.
In respect of the administration of any law pertaining to the protection or enforcement of intellectual property rights, Members shall only exempt both public authorities and officials from liability to appropriate remedial measures where actions are taken or intended in good faith in the course of the administration of that law.
7.行政程序
鉴于一些国家沿用行政程序而非民事诉讼程序解决知识产权的执法问题，协议没有强制性规定成员只能用民事程序，而不能用行政程序裁决案件，只是要求在依行政程序进行知识产权执法时，应遵守与民事程序大体相同的规则。协议对行政程序的规定非常简单，只有第49条一个条文：To the extent that any civil remedy can be ordered as a result of administrative procedures on the merits of a case, such procedures shall conform to principles equivalent in substance to those set forth in this Section.
（四）临时措施
《TRIPS协定》第50条规定了有关知识产权保护方面的临时措施。临时措施是指在民事诉讼程序或行政程序开始之前一方当事人请求司法机关或行政机关采取的保全措施。
1.临时措施的目的
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order prompt and effective provisional measures:
（a） to prevent an infringement of any intellectual property right from occurring, and in particular to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of goods, including imported goods immediately after customs clearance;
（b） to preserve relevant evidence in regard to the alleged infringement.
2.临时措施的采取
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to adopt provisional measuresinaudita altera parte where appropriate, in particular where any delay is likely to cause irreparable harm to the right holder, or where there is a demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed.
3.证据与担保
The judicial authorities shall have the authority to require the applicant to provide any reasonably available evidence in order to satisfy themselves with a sufficient degree of certainty that the applicant is the right holder and that the applicant's right is being infringed or that such infringement is imminent, and to order the applicant to provide a security or equivalent assurance sufficient to protect the defendant and to prevent abuse.
4.通知与复审
Where provisional measures have been adoptedinaudita altera parte, the parties affected shall be given notice, without delay after the execution of the measures at the latest. A review, including a right to be heard, shall take place upon request of the defendant with a view to deciding, within a reasonable period after the notification of the measures, whether these measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed.
5.合理期间起诉
provisional measures taken on the basis of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall, upon request by the defendant, be revoked or otherwise cease to have effect, if proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the case are not initiated within a reasonable period, to be determined by the judicial authority ordering the measures where a Member's law so permits or, in the absence of such a determination, not to exceed 20 working days or 31 calendar days, whichever is the longer.
6.赔偿损失
Where the provisional measures are revoked or where they lapse due to any act or omission by the applicant, or where it is subsequently found that there has been no infringement or threat of infringement of an intellectual property right, the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the applicant, upon request of the defendant, to provide the defendant appropriate compensation for any injury caused by these measures.
（五）边境措施
1.海关当局的中止放行
Members shall adopt procedures to enable a right holder, who has valid grounds for suspecting that the importation of counterfeit trademark or pirated copyright goods may take place, to lodge an application in writing with competent authorities, administrative or judicial, for the suspension by the customs authorities of the release into free circulation of such goods.
2.中止放行的申请及其担保
Any right holder initiating the procedures under Article 51 shall be required to provide adequate evidence to satisfy the competent authorities that, under the laws of the country of importation, there is prima facie an infringement of the right holder's intellectual property right and to supply a sufficiently detailed description of the goods to make them readily recognizable by the customs authorities.
The competent authorities shall have the authority to require an applicant to provide a security or equivalent assurance sufficient to protect the defendant and the competent authorities and to prevent abuse. Such security or equivalent assurance shall not unreasonably deter recourse to these procedures.
3.中止放行的通知、期限
The importer and the applicant shall be promptly notified of the suspension of the release of goods according to Article 51.
If, within a period not exceeding 10 working days after the applicant has been served notice of the suspension, the customs authorities have not been informed that proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the case have been initiated by a party other than the defendant, or that the duly empowered authority has taken provisional measures prolonging the suspension of the release of the goods, the goods shall be released, provided that all other conditions for importation or exportation have been complied with; in appropriate cases, this time-limit may be extended by another 10 working days.
4.损害赔偿
Relevant authorities shall have the authority to order the applicant to pay the importer, the consignee and the owner of the goods appropriate compensation for any injury caused to them through the wrongful detention of goods or through the detention of goods released pursuant to Article 55.
（六）刑事程序
由于刑事程序和刑罚处罚涉及国家主权，《TRIPS协定》只提出了原则性要求而没有作具体规定。协定61条要求各成员至少应对商业规模的故意假冒商标和盗版活动规定刑事程序和刑法处罚。
Members shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of wilful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale.
七、知识产权保护与公共健康
（一）问题的由来
《TRIPS协定》对药品专利的保护对最不发达国家和一些发展中国家的公共利益与公共健康带来了极大的负面影响，从而遭到这些国家和人民的强烈反对。发展中国家的公共健康问题，特别是艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾等流行病给人民健康造成了严重威胁，其中一个关键因素就是由于药品专利形成的治疗药品的高价壁垒，使患者无法获得廉价而有效的治疗药品。
（二）谈判的进程
借助国际社会反对药品专利的呼声，在1999年西雅图部长级会议上，发展中国家趁机提出降低药品专利保护标准的要求。而发达国家则以知识产权协议既定的议程为依据，要求继续提高知识产权的保护水平，提出要求延长药品专利的保护期等要求。由于两大阵营的针锋相对，互不退让，西雅图会议无果而终。
2001年底，在多哈召开的WTO第四届部长级会议上，知识产权保护与公共健康问题再次成为谈判的关键问题之一。在各方的努力下，最终达成了《关于〈知识产权协议〉与公共健康的多哈宣言》（Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health），明确了WTO成员政府采取措施维护公共健康的主权权利、协议中可用于保护公共健康的条款及解释原则、成员对专利的强制许可等内容。
2003年8月，坎昆会议落实了该宣言的部分议题，同年WTO总理事会通过了《关于〈知识产权协议〉与公共健康的多哈宣言第6段的实施决定》。2005年12月6日，WTO总理事会正式通过与贸易有关的知识产权理事会提交的《修改〈与贸易有关的知识产权协定〉议定书》（Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement）的建议，该决定正式修改了《TRIPS协定》第31条，因此，该议定书通常被称为“《TRIPS协定》2005年议定书”或者“《TRIPS协定》第31条修正案”。截至2011年3月15日，已经有美国、瑞士、韩国、印度等34个WTO成员接受了这一议定书；2007年10月28日，中国人大常委会批准了该议定书。
（三）《修改〈与贸易有关的知识产权协定〉议定书》的主要内容
（1）免除了药物出口国在协议第31条f款下的义务，强制许可生产的药物可以出口。第31条f款规定强制许可生产的产品应主要供应该成员方国内市场；修改后则允许为公共健康的目的，成员可以将强制许可生产的药品出口到合格进口国（发生公共健康危机，且缺乏或无药品生产能力的最不发达成员或某些发展中成员）。
（2）免除了合格进口国向被强制许可的权利人支付报酬的义务。第31条h款规定应根据强制许可个案情况，并考虑授权的经济价值支付给权利持有人足够的报酬；修改后则规定，在合格进口成员境内，授予相同产品的强制许可，第31条h款项下该成员的义务不应适用本款前一句话由出口成员支付这些产品的报酬。
（3）给予最不发达成员间的强制许可证贸易更多优惠。依据修正后的条款，区域贸易协定（其中一半以上成员为最不发达成员）的发展中或最不发达成员依照强制许可生产或进口该药品，可以再出口到有相同公共健康危机的区域贸易协定内其他发展中或最不发达成员的境内。