(一)关系代词who的用法
who在定语从句中指代人,在定语从句中担任主语(有时候也可以担当宾语)。如:
Those students who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 8 after breakfast.
那些参加比赛的学生早饭后8点在大门口集合。
(二)关系代词whom的用法
whom在定语从句中指代人,在定语从句中担任宾语,此种情况下的whom可以省略。但是whom前面有介词时不能省去。如:
This is just the man whom I want for the job.
这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
Is she the girl whom you are looking for?她是你在找的那个女孩吗?
注意:在定语从句中,关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,也可省略。
(三)关系代词that的用法
that在定语从句中可以指人也可以指物,可以做主语也可以做宾语。但是that不能用在非限制性定语从句中,也不能作介词的宾语。
1.that在定语从句中指人,可以做主语也可以做宾语(作宾语时可省去),可以和who,whom互换。如:
Is he the man that/who wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
This is the boy(who/whom/that)I went there with.
这就是和我一起去那儿的男孩。
This is the boy with whom I went.这就是和我一起去那儿的男孩。
2.that 在定语从句中指物,可以做主语也可以做宾语(作宾语时可省去)。如:
This book that was bought by my mother is very interesting.
那本很有趣的书是我妈妈买的。
This book(that)my mother bought is very interesting.
我妈妈买的那本书很有趣。
(四)关系代词which的用法
which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时通常可以省略。通常可以和that 互换。如:
This book which/that is very interesting was bought by my mother.
那本很有趣的书是我妈妈买的。
This book(which/that)my mother bought is very interesting.
我妈妈买的那本书很有趣。
注意:that和which并不是所有的情况下都可以互换,它们的用法是有区别的,其区别如下:
1.用that不用which的情况:
(1)先行词有最高级形容词修饰时,常用that。如:
Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
This is the most expensive watch(that)I’ve ever owned.
这是我有过的最昂贵的一块表。
(2)先行词有the same,the very,the first,the last,all,no,the only,much,little,none,any,every 等修饰时,或者先行词为everything,anything,something等不定代词时常用that,而不用which。如:
He was the first man that we saw in the village.
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
I’ll do anything(that)I can to help you.我将尽一切可能帮助你。
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时,用that,不用which。如:
We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.
我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件给我们留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him.
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
(4)当先行词被the same修饰时,用that表示同一件物品,用as表示相类似的一件物品,不能用which。如:
This is the same one as/that you had before.
这跟你以前的一样/这就是你以前的那一个。
You’ve made the same mistake that you made last time.
你又犯了上次所犯的同一错误。
(5)主句中已经有which或者who时,要用that。如:
Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆汽车是北京制造的?
Who is the boy that was praised at the meeting?
在大会上被表扬的那个男孩是谁?
2.用which不用that的情况:
(1)引导非限制性定词从句时,要用which,不用that。如:
Tom is late for school everyday,which makes his teacher very angry.
汤姆每天上学迟到,这令老师很生气。
The meeting was put off,which was exactly what we wanted.
会议被推迟了,这正是我们想要的。
(2)关系代词直接放在介词后面时,要用which。如:
Read the passage to which I referred in my talk.
读一下我在演讲中提到过的那段文章。
His new car for which he paid £7000 has already had to be repaired.
他花7000英镑买来的那辆新车已经不得不修理了。
注意:含有介词的动词固定搭配短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for,look after,take care of等。如:This is the watch which/that I am looking for.这就是我要找的表。
(3)如果一个主句中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用which。如:
Let me show you the books that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆里借来的书。
(五)关系代词whose的用法
whose是代词的所有格,既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语,有时相当于of which。如:
Do you know anyone whose family is in Beijing?
你认识什么人家住北京的吗?
Let me show you the book whose cover is green.
让我给你看看封皮是绿色的那本书。
注意:whose在从句中指物,whose cover可以换成the cover of which。whose 不仅可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。如:
This is Tom,whose father is a doctor.这是汤姆,他父亲是医生。
(六)关系代词as的用法
as 作为关系代词,可以用在限制性定语从句中也可以用在非限制性定语从句中。
1.习惯上用于下列词组:the same…as,such…as,as…as,so…as,…as…
如:She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does.她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。
Take as many books as you want.尽可能多的拿你想要的书。
2.用于非限制性定语从句中:as 引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型:如:as is known,as is said,as is reported,as is announced 等。如:
As we all know,Mr Wang is a good teacher.
众所周知,王先生是个好老师。
Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part to China.
众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
注意:as 引导非限定性定语从句时有时候可以和which互换,如:
She is extremely popular among the students,as(which)is common knowledge.
她在学生中间很受欢迎,这是普遍知道的。
但是,as,which引导定语从句时还是有区别的:
1.当从句位于主句前面时,只能用 as。如:
As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。
As is often the case,the girl forgot to take her dictionary.(不能用which)
经常是这样子的,那个女孩忘了带字典。
2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制。如:
He went abroad,as (which)was expected.他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad,which was unexpected.他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
3.as 引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which 则无此限制:
The river,which flows through London,is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as,因为关系词which指代的是river)
4.当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而 which则无此限制:
She has married again,as (which)seemed natural.
她又结婚了,这似乎很自然。
She has married again,which delighted us.
她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
(七)关系副词when的用法
when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语,既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词,在从句中充当时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。如:
I will never forget the day when we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
(八)关系副词where的用法
where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语,既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词,在从句中充当地点状语,相当于“介词+which”。如:
This is the computer where(═by/on which)he has stolen top-secret documents.
这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
Shanghai is the city(═in which)where I was born.上海是我的出生地。
(九)关系副词why的用法
why指原因。why只能引导限制性定语从句,先行词只有reason一词,在从句中充当原因状语,相当于“for+which”。如:
Do you know the reason why(for which)he is not here now?
你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗?