序言
1. Fulcher of Chartres, I.2.i, pp. 62-3.
2. Robert the Monk, I.1, p. 79.
3. Ibid., pp. 79-80.
4. Fulcher of Chartres, I.3.iv, p. 66.
5. Baldric of Dol, IV.1, p. 15.
6. Robert the Monk, I.1, pp. 79-80.
7. 所有关于乌尔班二世讲演的主要记述文献都是在12世纪初写成的，在第一次十字军东征之后。对其重要性的评述，可参见下引文献，第十二章； pp. 200-1.
8. Guibert of Nogent, I.1, p. 87; also Fulcher of Chartres, I.3.v-viii, pp. 66-7; Robert the Monk, I.2, p. 81; R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II:Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 74.
9. Robert the Monk, I.2, pp. 81-2; Fulcher of Chartres, I.4.iv, p. 68; Guibert of Nogent, II.5, p. 117.
10. V. Tourneur, 'Un denier de Godefroid de Bouillon frappé en 1096', Revue belge de numismatique 83 (1931), pp. 27–30; cf. N. Bauer, 'Der Fund von Spanko bei St Petersburg', Zeitschrift für Numismatik 36 (1926), pp. 75–94.
11. 可参见，比如，J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 31ff.
12. 关于在克莱蒙通过的有关耶路撒冷的谕令，参见Somerville, Councils of Urban II, pp. 74, 124, 及 R. Somerville, Papacy, Councils and Canon Law (London, 1990), pp. 56-65 and 325-37. 另见 Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 13-30.
13. 信中说，1097年在尼西亚集结的十字军有30万人，1099年9月阿斯卡隆战役时大概有20万多点，不过这个数字没有包括耶路撒冷的驻军或当时其他由西方骑士控制的城镇中的驻军。Barber and Bate, Letters, pp. 34–5. 关于十字军的规模，参见J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 122–42.
14. Raymond of Aguilers, I, p. 18; Albert of Aachen, V.40, pp. 392–4.
15. Albert of Aachen, III.28, p. 182.
16. Ralph of Caen, 119, p. 135.
17. 参见，比如，J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997); M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (Oxford, 1993); France, Victory in the East; T. Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History (London, 2004). 关于对十字军的总体研究C. Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), J. Phillips, Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (London, 2010).
18. J. Nesbitt, 'The rate of march of crusading armies in Europe: a study and computation', Traditio 19 (1963), pp. 167–82; A. Murray, 'The army of Godfrey of Bouillon 1096–9: Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 70 (1992), pp. 301–29; B. Bachrach, 'Crusader logistics: From victory at Nicaea to resupply at Dorylaion', in J. Pryor (ed.), Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 43–62.
19. 例如，S. Edgington, 'Albert of Aachen reappraised', in A. Murray (ed.), From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies (Turnhout, 1998), pp. 55–67; J. France, 'The use of the anonymous Gesta Francorum in the early twelfth century sources for the First Crusade', in ibid., pp. 29–42; J. Rubenstein, 'What is the Gesta Francorum and who was Peter Tudebode？', Revue Mabillon 16 (2005), pp. 179–204.
20. A. Vauchez, 'Les composantes eschatologiques de l'idée de croisade', in A. Vauchez (ed.), Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et l'appel à la Croisade (Rome, 1997), pp. 233–43; H. M?hring, Der Weltkaiser der Endzeit: Entstehung Wandel und Wirkung einer tausendjahrigen Weissagung (Stuttgart, 2000), and B. E. Whalen, Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass., 2009).
21. J. Bliese, 'The motives of the First Crusaders: A social psychological analysis', Journal of Psychohistory 17 (1990), pp. 393–411; G. Anderson, R. Ekelund, R. Herbert and R. Tollinson, 'An economic interpretation of the medieval crusades', Journal of European Economic History 21 (1992), pp. 339–63.
22. C. Ottoni, F-X. Ricaut, N. Vanderheyden, N. Brucato, M. Waelkens and R. Decorte, 'Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia', European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (2011), pp. 571–6.
23. A. Johansen and D. Sornett, 'Finite time singularity in the dynamics of the world population and economic indices', Physica A 294.3–4 (2001), pp. 465–502, citing J. DeLong's University of California, Berkeley 'Estimating World GDP' project.
24. Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
25. Anna Komnene, XIII.6, p. 373.
26. Ia. Liubarskii, 'Ob istochnikakh "Aleksiady" Anny Komninoi', Vizantiiskii Vremennik 25 (1965), pp. 99–120; 关于安娜利用的资料，实际的和可能的，参见J. Howard-Johnston, 'Anna Komnene and the Alexiad', in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.) Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 260–302.
27. R. Bedrosian (tr.) Aristakes Lastivertc'i's History (New York, 1985), p. 64.
第1章 危机中的欧洲
1. Gregory VII, Register, I.1, p. 1.
2. Ibid., I.25, p. 30.
3. 此处参见U-R. Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, 1988); G. Tellenbach, The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993); H. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998).
4. Gregory VII, Register, III.6, p. 181; III.10a, pp. 192–3.
5. Hugh of Flavigny, II, p. 458; Lampert, Annales, pp. 258, 264–5; Berthold, p. 284; Bonizo of Sutri, Liber, 8, p. 609.
6. Gregory VII, Register, VII.14, pp. 342–4.
7. Benzo of Alba, Ad Henricum, VI, Preface, p. 502.
8. C. Erdmann (ed.), Die Briefe Heinrichs IV (Leipzig, 1937), 18, p. 28.
9. P. Kehr, 'Due documenti pontifici illustranti la storia di Roma negli ultimi anni del secolo XI', Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria 23 (1900), pp. 277–83.
10. Bernold of Constance, p. 508.
11. 乌尔班二世引入了这样一种可能性：前往西班牙作战的骑士都能够借此赎罪。这对潜在的十字军战士可以获得的精神奖赏将产生非常重要的影响。但是，教皇对在西班牙作战提出的这种奖赏对欧洲的骑士阶层整体上没有产生太大影响。参见 J. von Pflugk-Hartung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1880–8), 2, pp. 142–3; Urban II, Epistolae et Privilegia, in Patrologia Latina 151, cols. 288, 302–3, 332–3. Also A. Becker, Papst Urban II, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1964–88), 1, pp. 246ff.
12. F. Liebermann, 'Lanfranc and the antipope', English Historical Review 16 (1901), pp. 330–2.
13. P. Kehr, 'Papsturkunden in Rom: Erster Bericht', Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen, Phil-hist. Kl. (1900), pp. 148–9.
14. 只有给克莱芒三世的回信留存了下来。A. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskago teksta kanonicheskikh otvetov russkago mitropolita Ioanna II', Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, 22.5 (1873), pp. 169–86.
15. 帝国继承人通常在出生时或出生后不久就会被加冕为共治皇帝，因此固定格式中会出现两个人的名号。De Cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae libri duo, ed. J. Reiske, 2 vols. (Bonn, 1829–30), 48, vol. 2, pp. 686–92; 46, vol. 2, p. 679.
16. C. Will, Acta et scripta quae de controversiis Ecclesiae Graecae et Latinae (Leipzig, 1861), pp. 150–4.
17. J. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Concilium Amplissima Collectio, 31 vols. (Florence, 1759–98), 20, cols. 507–8; Gregory VII, Register, VI.5b, p. 281. 阿莱克修斯遭受绝罚在Bernold of Constance, pp. 479–80中被提到。
18. William of Apulia, IV, p. 230; cf. Anna Komnene, I.13, p. 40.
19. 此处最可靠的资料出自大公会议上达成的教令、教皇送往佛兰德斯、托斯卡纳和西班牙的六封信，以及当时人们对乌尔班二世在克莱蒙会议后在法兰西各地的传道动员所留下的记述，例如1096年2月在昂热。 Somerville, Councils of Urban II, pp. 74, 124; Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, pp. 136, 137–8; W. Wiederhold, 'Papsturkunden in Florenz', Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen, Phil-hist. Kl. (1901), pp. 313–14; P. Kehr, Papsturkunden in Spanien. I Katalonien (Berlin, 1926), pp. 287–8; L. Halphen and R. Poupardin, Chronique des comtes d'Anjou et des seigneurs d'Amboise (Paris, 1913), pp. 237–8.
20. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.13, p. 92; W. Holtzmann, 'Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II im Jahre 1089', Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 28 (1928), pp. 60–2.
21. Anna Komnene, V.9, p. 151.
22. Holtzmann, 'Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II', pp. 60–2.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., pp. 62–4.
25. Theophylact of Ohrid, Peri egkalountai Latinon, in P. Gautier (ed. and tr.), Theophylacti Achridensis Opera (Thessaloniki, 1980), p. 249.
26. Ibid., pp. 251–61.
27. Ibid., pp. 271–9.
28. H. Seyffert (ed.), Benzo von Alba. Sieben Bücher an Kaiser Heinrich IV (Hanover, 1996), I.14–17, pp. 140–54.
29. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.13, pp. 92–3.
30. R. Somerville, Pope Urban II, the Collectio Britannica, and the Council of Melfi (1089) (Oxford, 1996), pp. 175–80.
31. 他的评论见于写给君士坦丁堡牧首尼古拉三世的一封信中。Holtzmann, 'Union-s-verhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II', pp. 64–7.
32. Thus Becker, Papst Urban II, 2, pp. 80ff.
33. Ibid., p. 60.
34. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
35. Pavlov, 'Otryvki grecheskago teksta', pp. 169–86.
36. Anna Komnene, IV.1, p. 109.
37. E.g. Regii neapolitani archivi: monumenta edita ac illustrata, 6 vols. (Naples, 1845–61) 5, no. 457, pp. 146–7; no. 458, pp. 148–52; no. 462, pp. 157–9; no. 467, pp. 174–8; Codice Diplomatico Barese, 6 vols. (Bari, 1897–1902), 3, no. 24, pp. 39–40; no. 35, p. 41; no. 36, p. 42; no. 27, p. 43; no. 28, pp. 44–5; no. 29, pp. 45–6; no. 30, pp. 46–7; D. Morea (ed.), Il chartularium del monastero (Montecassino, 1892), p. 136.
38. Bernold of Constance, pp. 470–80.
39. G. Spata, Le pergamene greche esistenti nel grande archivio di Palermo (Palermo, 1861), pp. 163–6, 173–5, 179–82; S. Cusa, I diplomi greci ed arabi di Sicilia pubblicati nel testo originale, 2 vols. (Palermo, 1868–82), 2, p. 391.
40. Bernold of Constance, p. 483; Anna Komnene, VIII.5, p. 224.
41. F. Sisic (ed.), Letopis Popa Dukljanina (Belgrade, 1928), pp. 413–16; P. Frankopan, 'Co-operation between Constantinople and Rome before the First Crusade: A study of the convergence of interests in Croatia in the late 11th Century', Crusades 3 (2004), pp. 1–13.
42. Fulcher of Chartres, I.5.xi, p. 71.
43. Bernold of Constance, pp. 458, 462.
44. Herrand of Halberstadt, Epistola de causa Heinrici regis, MGH Libelli, 2, p. 288.
45. MGH Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 2 vols. (Hanover, 1893), 1, p. 564; Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
46. Bernold of Constance, p. 520.
47. Geoffrey Malaterra, IV.23, p. 101; Bernold of Constance, p. 463.
48. 关于皮亚琴察大公会议的情形，参见R. Somerville, Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza (Oxford, 2011).
第2章 重振君士坦丁堡
1. C. Mango and R. Parker, 'A Twelfth-Century Description of St Sophia', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 14 (1960), pp. 235–40.
2. E. Legrand, 'Constantin le Rhodien: Description des oeuvres d'art et de l'église des Saints Ap?tres, suivie d'un commentaire par Th. Reinach', Revue des Etudes Grecques 9 (1896), pp. 32–65.
3. 君士坦丁堡的贸易规章在一本名为"Book of the Eparch"的法典中得到了规定。J. Koder, Das Eparchenbuch Leons des Weisen (Vienna, 1991).
4. K. Ciggaar, 'Une description de Constanti-nople dans le Tarragonensis 55', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 53 (1995), pp. 117–40.
5. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.i, p. 79.
6. The Saga of the People of Laxardal (Laxdaela Saga), tr. K. Kunz in The Sagas of Icelanders (London, 1997), 72, p. 410.
7. Michael Psellos, ed. and tr. E. Theanauld, Michel Psellos. Chronographie, 2 vols.(Paris, 1926), VII.25, 2, p. 97,
8. Laxdaela Saga, 77, p. 419.
9. Snorri Sturulson, Haralds Saga, tr. L. Hollander, in Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway (Austin, TX, 1964), 3–6, pp. 579–82.
10. R. Savage (ed.), La Chronique de Sainte-Barbe-en-Auge (Caen, 1906), pp. 23, 57–8.
11. K. Ciggaar, 'L'émigration anglaise à Byzance après 1066', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 32 (1974), pp. 338–41.
12. Ciggaar, 'Description de Constantinople', p. 119; Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnantium, in RHC, Occ., 3, p. 494; J. Zepos and P. Zepos (eds.), Jus Graeco-Romanorum, 8 vols. (Athens, 1931–62) 1, p. 317; Miklosich and Müller, 6, p. 44; P. Lemerle, N. Svoronos, A. Guillou, D. Papachryssanthou (eds.), Archives de l'Athos: Actes de Lavra (Paris, 1970), no. 48, 1, pp. 258–9.
13. Actes de Lavra, no. 35, 1, pp. 233–5.
14. M. English Frazer, 'Church doors and the Gates of Paradise: Byzantine bronze doors in Italy', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 27 (1973), pp. 147–8.
15. P. Lemerle, 'Le testament d'Eustathios Bo?las (Avril 1059)', Cinq études sur le XIe siècle byzantin (Paris, 1977), pp. 24–5.
16. 关于曼齐刻尔特战役及其对突厥身份认同的意义，参见C. Hillenbrand, Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert (Edinburgh, 2007).
17. Tabula S. Basilii, in RHC, Occ., 5, pp. 295–8; J. Darrouzès, 'Le mouvement des fondations monastiques au XIe siècle', Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), p. 173.
18. C. Morrisson, 'La dévaluation de la monnaie byzantine au XIe siècle', Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), pp. 3–29.
19. Michael Attaleiates对税收的上升抱怨不已，p.284，关于小麦价格的逐步上升，ibid.,pp.201-204。
20. T. Smiciklas (ed.), Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae (Zagreb, 1905), 1, pp. 139–41; Gregory VII, Register, 5.12, p. 258; P. Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier, 900–1204 (Cambridge, 2000), p. 144.
21. Anna Komnene, II.3, pp. 54–5.
22. Michael Attaleiates, p. 215; Nikephoros Bryennios, III.16, p. 241.
23. Michael Attaleiates, p. 306.
24. Anna Komnene, III.11, pp. 103– 4.
25. Anna Komnene, VI.11, p. 176.
26. Anna Komnene, XV.10, p. 463.
27. Anna Komnene, I.1, p. 9.
28. Anna Komnene, III.2, pp. 82–3.
29. Nikpehoros Bryennios, IV.29, p. 299.
30. W. Wroth, Catalogue of Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, 2 vols. (London, 1908), 2, p. 539; G. Zacos and A. Veglery, Byzantine Lead Seals (Basel, 1972), nos. 99 (a & b), 100; J. Nesbitt, N. Oikonomides et al. (eds.), Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks, 7 vols. (Washington, DC, 1991–), 6, no. 86.1.
31. Anna Komnene, II.9, p. 70.
32. 《阿莱克修斯纪》中没有提及阿莱克修斯获任命——考虑到之后他没有向诺曼人进军而是回师帝都，这也没什么好奇怪的。不过，此事可参见Romuald of Salerno, Chronicon, RIS, NS, 7, 1, p. 192. Also, Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta, RIS, NS, 12, p. 216, and Michael the Syrian, p. 176.
33. Anna Komnene, II.10, pp. 72–3; John Zonaras, XVIII.20, 3, pp. 727–8.
34. Anna Komnene, III.5, pp. 89–90.
35. John Zonaras, XVIII.20, 3, p. 729.
36. Anna Komnene, II.12, p. 78.
37. Anna Komnene, III.1, p. 79.
38. De Cerimoniis, I.38, 1, pp. 191–6.
39. Anna Komnene, II.4, p. 58; IV.4, p. 114; III.9, pp. 100–1.
40. Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87, John Zonaras, XVIII.21, 3, p. 732.
41. Geoffrey Malaterra, III.41, p. 82. 关于诺曼人与拜占庭帝国的关系，参见W. McQueen, 'Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112', Byzantion 56 (1986), pp. 427–76; H. Taviani-Carozzi, La Terreur du monde – Robert Guiscard et la conquête normande en Italie (Paris, 1997); G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (Singapore, 2000).
42. Gregory Pakourianos, p.
43. 这是一场大胜，因为这场胜利，帕蔻里昂诺斯获得皇帝丰厚的奖赏。但这名将军以为他取得的胜利能被铭记，那就错了。它很快就被遗忘，而且遗忘了近千年之久。P. Frankopan, 'A victory of Gregory Pakourianos against the Pechenegs', Byzantinoslavica 57 (1996), pp. 278–81.
43. Theophylact of Ohrid, p. 111.
44. Anna Komnene, VIII.5, pp. 225–6.
45. Anna Komnene, VIII.6, pp. 227–8; John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 741.
46. 例如，之前政权中的一些主要人物1081年被派去与诺曼人作战，很多人都在迪拉基翁战役中被杀。 Anna Komnene, IV.6, p. 122.
47. Anna Komnene, IV.4, pp. 114–15.
48. Michael Psellos, II.1–2, 1, p. 25; II.7, 1, p. 29.
49. John the Oxite, p. 31.
50. Nikephoros Bryennios, II.7, pp. 154–5.
51. Anna Komnene, XV.11, p. 464.
52. Anna Komnene, XIV.7, p. 423.
53. Nikephoros Bryennios, II.7, pp. 154–5; John the Oxite, pp. 37–9; A. Lavriotes (ed.), 'Historikon zetema ekklesiastikon epi tes basileias Alexiou Komnenou', Ekklesiastike Aletheia 20 (1900), p. 412.
54. Anna Komnene, III.5, p. 89. For her foundation, Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 27–8, 33.
55. Anna Komnene, III.5, pp. 90–1; V.2, pp. 130–2; V. Grumel, 'L'affaire de Léon de Chalcédoine, le Chrysobulle d'Alexis Ier sur les objets sacrés', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 2 (1944), pp. 126–33; Anna Komnene, III.8, p. 96.
56. J. Darrouzès, Georges et Dèmètrios Tornikès – Lettres et Discours (Paris, 1970), pp. 234–5.
57. Manuel Straboromanos, pp. 182–3.
58. John Zonaras, XVIII.29, 3, pp. 765–6.
59. Anna Komnene, XIV.4, pp. 411–13.
60. R. Romano (ed.), Nicola Callicle, Carmi (Naples, 1980), pp. 101–2; P. Magdalino and R. Nelson, 'The Emperor in Byzantine art of the 12th Century', Byzantinische Forschungen 8 (1982), pp. 123–6.
61. Anna Komnene, III.3, p. 93. 关于他的口齿不清I.8, p. 26. 阿莱克修斯两幅已知的画像保存在罗马梵蒂冈图书馆收藏的手稿中。Vaticanus Gr. 666, f. 2r.; 666, f. 2v.
第3章 东方的稳固
1. I. Mélikoff (ed.), La geste de Melik Danismend, 2 vols. (Paris, 1960).
2. 11世纪70年代中期，阿莱克修斯受命前往收服巴里奥尔，重申皇帝权威，但当他把这名诺曼人收为阶下囚时，阿玛西亚的居民却只是喝倒彩，讥讽他。Anna Komnene, I.2, pp. 11–13.
3. Matthew of Edessa, II.72, p. 144.
4. J-C. Cheynet and D. Theodoridis, Sceaux byzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis (Paris, 2010), pp. 26–8.
5. 1081年时，尼基弗鲁斯·帕莱奥罗格斯仍然担任着这个职务。Nikephoros Bryennios, III.15, p. 239.
6. J-C. Cheynet and J-F. Vannier, Etudes Prosopographiques (Paris, 1986), pp. 57–74; Cheynet and Theodoridis, Sceaux byzantins, pp.
54– 6; C. MacEvitt, The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance (Philadelphia, 2008), pp. 41–2.
7. 例如，Michael Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 (London, 1984), pp. 112–13; France, Victory in the East, pp. 155–6; J. Flori, La Première Croisade: l'Occident chrétien contre l'Islam aux origines des idéologies occidentales (Paris, 2001), p. 64; P. Magdalino, 'The Medieval Empire (780–1204)' in C. Mango (ed.),The Oxford History of Byzantium, p. 185; J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London, 2003), pp. 47, 55. Phillips, Holy Warriors, p. 15.
8. Anna Komnene, III.9, p. 100.
9. Ibid.
10. Anna Komnene, II.6, p. 65.
11. Anna Komnene, II.3, pp. 54–5.
12. J. Darrouzès, Notitiae episcopatuum ecclesiae constantinopolitanae (Paris, 1981), pp. 123–4, 134–5.
13. J-C. Cheynet, 'La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la Première Croisade', in Eupsykhia: Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler, 2 vols. (Paris, 1998), 1, pp. 131–47.
14. 关于阿莱克修斯1081年时对自己手下的军队怀有的忧惧之情，见 Anna Komnene, II.9, p. 71; for the circumstances behind the belated coronation of Alexios' wife, Eirene, III.2, pp. 81–4.
15. Anna Komnene, III.5, pp. 89–91.
16. Anna Komnene, III.11, p. 104.
17. 例如， Nikephoros Bryennios, III.16, p. 241; IV.2, p. 259.
18. Nikephoros Bryennios, IV.4, p. 265; IV.10–13, pp. 275–9.
19. J. Darrouzès (ed.), Georges et Dèmètrios Tornikès – Lettres et Discours (Paris, 1970), pp. 234–5.
20. Orderic Vitalis, X.12, 5, p. 274.
21. 关于塔提基奥斯的父亲是如何被俘的，见Anna Komnene, IV.4, p. 115.
22. Anna Komnene, III.11, p. 105.
23. Anna Komnene, V.5.ii, p. 140.
24. Anna Komnene, IV.4, p. 115; IV.6, p. 123; V.6.iv, p. 159; William of Apulia, IV, pp. 222, 226.
25. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 177.
26. Matthew of Edessa, II.78, pp. 147–8.
27. Bar Hebraeus, ed. and tr. E. Budge, The Chronography of Gregory Abul Faraj, 2vols. (Oxford, 1932), 2, p. 227.
28. De Administrando Imperio, ed. and tr. G. Moravcsik and R. Jenkins, (Washington DC, 1967).
29. Nikephoros Bryennios, IV.31, p. 301.
30. P. Frankopan, 'The Fall of Nicaea and the towns of western Asia Minor to the Turks in the later 11th Century: The curious case of Nikephoros Melissenos', Byzantion 76 (2006), pp. 153–84, and below, p. 82.
31. 关于女皇如何命尼基弗鲁斯撰史，见Nikephoros Bryennios, pp. 71–3; Anna Komnene, Prologue, p. 5.
32. 1081年后，他被称为尼西亚的"埃米尔"（即总督）。 Anna Komnene, VI.9, pp. 169–70. 安娜还说，他占有的尼西亚之地是属于皇帝的，尽管在突厥文献中它们被称为属于苏丹的，III.11,P.104。Michael Attaleiates 11世纪70年代著书时，还没有以这个头衔称呼他，而是称他为突厥人的一名领袖，p.266。尼基弗鲁斯·比伦尼诺斯避免用这个称谓称呼1081年前的苏莱曼，e.g.III.16,P.241。
33. 两个例外是《阿莱克修斯纪》和John Zonaras所著的Epitome Historion。12世纪还有一名作者写到了阿莱克修斯的统治期，但他主要是沿袭了Zonaras的著作。
34. See P. Magdalino, 'Aspects of twelfth-century Byzantine Kaiserkritik', Speculum 58 (1983), pp. 326–46.
35. Albert of Aachen, II.28, p. 108.
36. Ekkehard of Aura, p. 200.
37. See J-C. Cheynet, 'The duchy of Antioch during the second period of Byzantine rule', in K. Ciggaar and D. Metcalf (eds.), East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean: Antioch from the Byzantine Reconquest until the End of the Crusader Principality (Leiden, 2006), pp. 1–16.
38. Michael Attaleiates, p. 301.
39. 能够证明他官至protosebastos，身为东部诸省军队总司令的菲拉雷托斯的铅印应该肯定晚于1081年，因为protosebastos这个称号是阿莱克修斯创制的。而这又表明阿莱克修斯很指望靠菲拉雷托斯来治理东方，于是提升他到更高的地位。J-C. Cheynet, C. Morrisson and W. Seibt, Les Sceaux byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig (Paris, 1991), no. 192; Cheynet and Theodoridis, Sceaux byzantins, pp. 54–6.这一时期的其他权贵人物也见证了他受到的优待，如Other dignities from this period show how he was courted, for example, J-C. Cheynet, 'Sceaux byzantins des Musées d'Antioche et de Tarse', Travaux et Mémoires 12 (1994), no. 56.
40. Anna Komnene, VI.9, pp. 169–70.
41. Matthew of Edessa, II.60, p. 137.
42. Anonymi Auctoris Chronicon ad Annum Christi 1234 Pertinens, tr. A. Abouna and J-M. Fiey, Chronicle of the Unknown Edessan (Paris, 1974), p. 39.
43. J-C. Cheynet, 'Les Arméniens de L'Empire en Orient de Constantin Xe à Alexis Comnène (1059–1081)', L'Arménie et Byzance (Paris, 1996), p. 76.
44. Michael the Syrian, 3, p. 178.
45. Matthew of Edessa, II.78, p. 147; also Anna Komnene, VI.9, p. 170.
46. Ibn al-Ahtir, AH 477/Dec. 1084–Dec. 1085, p. 218; Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Mir'at al-Zaman fi Ta'rikh al-A'yan, ed. A. Sevim (Ankara, 1968), p. 229.
47. Ibn al-Athir，引用了诗人al-Abirwardi AH 477/Dec. 1084–Dec. 1085, p. 218.
48. Ibid., pp. 218–19.
49. Ibn al-Athir, AH 479/Dec. 1086–Dec. 1087, p. 223.
50. Ibn al-Athir, AH 477/Dec. 1084–Dec. 1085, p. 224; Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, p. 229.
51. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 171.
52. The History of the Seljuk Turks from the Jami'ak-Tawarikh, tr. K. Luther (Richmond, 2001), pp. 62, 60–1.
53. Anna Komnene, VI.12, pp. 177–8. 这封信是在拜占庭击败罗贝尔·吉斯卡尔对伊庇鲁斯的进攻之后，但早于佩切涅格人1087年的大举入侵。
54. Anna Komnene, VI. 9, pp. 170–1. A安娜把对苏丹的提议的讲述分在了两处。
55. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 178.
56. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220.
57. Anna Komnene, VI.9, p. 171.
58. Bar Hebraeus, 2, p. 229.
59. Ibn al-Athir, AH 485/Dec. 1091–Dec. 1092, p. 259.
60. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 177.
61. Matthew of Edessa, II.86, p. 153.
62. Ibid.
63. 对苏丹的询问的回复留存了下来P. Gautier, 'Lettre au sultan Malik-Shah rédigée par Michel Psellos', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 35 (1977), pp. 73–97.
64. Matthew of Edessa, II.86, p. 153.
65. 没有什么资料能告诉我们，当时的kouropalates兼埃德萨总督，以及梅里特那总督加布里埃尔的情况，我们也不知道他们是否接受了（或被诱使接受了）马利克沙的权威。不过，考虑到埃德萨的马修对菲拉雷托斯颇有不满，而且决定要臣服于苏丹，皈依伊斯兰教。如果这两人被突厥人打败的话，他的记述中可能也会提到与之类似的事。Matthew of Edessa, II.85, pp. 152–3. 但加布里埃尔似乎两边都下了注，他的一名印章上既有拜占庭的头衔又有阿拉伯的头衔。 J-C. Cheynet, Sceaux de la collection Zacos se rapportant aux provinces orientales de l'Empire byzantine (Paris, 2001), no. 41.
66. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 172.
67. Anna Komnene, VI.13, pp. 180–2.
68. Ibid., p. 181; VI.14, pp. 183–4. 亨伯托波罗斯受命转往西部的时间能够帮我们确定该城收复的时间。
69. Anna Komnene, VI.13, pp. 180–2.
70. Theophylact of Ohrid, pp. 113–14. 提奥菲拉科特对皇帝的评论是在一年后他与皇帝的一次谈话中。
71. Ibid., p. 111.
第4章 小亚细亚的崩溃
1. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 57–8, 40–4.
2. Anna Komnene, VII.6, p. 199.
3. Ibid.
4. Anna Komnene, VII.7, p. 202; VIII.3, p. 220.
5. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 174.
6. Michael the Syrian, 3, pp. 172ff; Mélikoff, Danismend, 2, p. 88.
7. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 202.
8. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220.
9. R. Macrides, 'Poetic justice in the Patriarchate: murder and cannibalism in the provinces', in L. Burgmann, M. F?gen, A. Schmink (eds.), Cupido Legum (Frankfurt, 1985), pp. 144–5. 除了根据风格将其框定在11或12世纪外，并没有其他更详细的证据来帮助我们更精确地确定这首诗写成的时间。不过，诗中提到长时期的食物短缺，严寒的冬天和人们采取的各种绝望的自救方法确实抓住了11世纪90年代的情形。
10. Anna Komnene, VII.8, pp. 202–3.
11. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220.
12. John the Oxite, p. 35. Also P. Frankopan, 'Where Advice meets Criticism in 11th Century Byzantium: Theophylact of Ohrid, John the Oxite and their (re)presentations to the Emperor', Al-Masaq 20 (2008), pp. 71–88.
13. John the Oxite, p. 35.
14. Ibid., pp. 29–35.
15. J. Shepard, 'How St James the Persian's head was brought to Cormery: A relic collector around the time of the First Crusade', in L. Hoffmann (ed.), Zwischen Polis, Provinz und Peripherie. Beitr?ge zur byzantinsichen Geschichte und Kultur (Wiesbaden, 2005), p. 298.
16. 例如， Robert the Monk, I.1, pp. 79–80.
17. C. Haskins, 'A Canterbury monk at Constantinople c.1090', English Historical Review 25 (1910), pp. 293–5; Ciggaar, 'Description de Constantinople', pp. 118–20.
18. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, pp. 133–6.
19. 比较近期的可参见 P. Schreiner, 'Der Brief des Alexios I Komnenos an den Grafen Robert von Flandern und das Problem gef?lschter byzantinischer Kaiserschreiben in den westlichen Quellen', in G. de Gregorio and O. Kresten (eds.), Documenti medievali Greci e Latini. Studi Comparativi (Spoleto, 1998), pp. 111–40; C. Gastgeber, 'Das Schreiben Alexios' I. Komnenos an Robert I. von Flandern. Sprachliche Untersuchung', in ibid., pp. 141–85; C. Sweetenham, 'Two letters calling Christians on Crusade', in Robert the Monk's History of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 215–18.
20. See, for example, M. de Waha, 'La lettre d'Alexis Comnène à Robert Ier le Frison', Byzantion 47 (1977), pp. 113–25; J. Shepard, 'Aspects of Byzantine attitudes and policy towards the West in the 10th and 11th centuries', Byzantinische Forschungen 13 (1988), pp. 106–12.
21. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, p. 132.
22. Ibid.
23. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, p. 141; John the Oxite, pp. 37–47.
24. Anna Komnene, X.5, pp. 273–4.
25. Shepard, 'How St James the Persian's head was brought to Cormery', p. 299.
26. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 19–21, 34–8, 42–4, 57–8, 81.
27. Ibid., pp. 84–90.
28. Ibid., p. 81.
29. 关于这个突厥人穿的鞋，Anna Komnene, IX.1, p. 237.
30. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 82–3.
31. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220.
32. Matthew of Edessa, II.90, pp. 157–8.
33. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 179.
34. Jami'al-Tawarikh, p. 62.
35. Al-Fath ibn 'Ali al-Bundari, Zubdat al-nusra wa-nukhbat al-'ursa, ed. M. Houtsma (Leiden, 1889), p. 63.
36. Ibn al-Atir, AH 485/1092–1093, pp. 258–9.
37. Gautier, 'Synode des Blachernes', pp. 218–19.
38. Jus Graeco-Romanum, 1, pp. 35–61.
39. P. Gautier, 'Jean l'Oxite, patriarche d'Antioche: notice biographique', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 22 (1964), pp. 136–8.
40. 突厥人在阿莱克修斯称帝后14年夺取了这些城镇。Michael the Syrian, VI.6, vol. 3, pp. 178ff.
41. Gesta Francorum, IV, p. 25.
42. Ibid., p. 26.
43. William of Tyre, III.1, 1, p. 197.
44. Anna Komnene, XI.2, p. 300.
45. John the Oxite, p. 35.
46. Anna Komnene, VIII.7, p. 229.
47. Anna Komnene, VI.10, pp. 172–3.
48. Ibid., p. 172; Ibn al-Athir, AH 487/ Dec. 1093–Dec. 1094, p. 271.
49. Anna Komnene, VI.11, p. 176.
50. Ibid.
51. Anna Komnene, VI,11, p. 177.
52. 参见J. Haldon, 'Theory and practice in tenth-century military administration. Chapters 11, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies', Travaux et Mémoires 13 (2000), pp. 201–352.
53. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 175.
54. Ibid.
55. Anna Komnene, VI.12.ii–iii, p. 178.
56. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 180.
57. Ibid.
58. 关于1097年时乞力赤·阿尔斯兰所率军队的规模，可参见Fulcher of Chartres, I.11.vi, p. 85.
59. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.iv–v, p. 80.
60. Gesta Francorum, II, p. 14.
61. 比如，H. Ahrweiler, 'L'administration militaire de la Crète byzantine', Byzantion 31 (1961), pp. 217–28; P. Gautier, 'Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 35 (1977), pp. 215–27; A. Savvides, 'Can we refer to a concerted action among Rapsomates, Caryces and the emir Tzachas between AD 1091 and 1093？', Byzantion 70 (2000), pp. 122–34.
62. 安娜·科穆宁娜说她叔叔在率军远征小亚细亚西部之前，曾担任迪拉基翁总督长达十一年，VII.8,P.206。但考虑到迪拉基翁1082年落入诺曼人之手，次年才收复，杜卡斯受命率军征讨察卡的时间不会早于1094年。参见P. Frankopan, 'The imperial governors of Dyrrakhion during the reign of the emperor Alexios I Komnenos', Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 26 (2002), pp. 89–90.
63. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 82–3.
64. Anna Komnene, VII.8, pp. 202–6; IX.1, pp. 238–40; IX.3, pp. 242–4; XI.5, pp. 309–12.
65. Anna Komnene, XI.5, p. 309.
66. Richard of Cluny, Chronicon, in L. Muratori (ed.), Antiquitates Italicae, 4, col. 1250.
第5章 山雨欲来
1. John the Oxite, pp. 29, 35.
2. John Zonaras, XVIII.29, 3, pp. 766–7. 佐纳拉斯自己也受到科穆宁家族的整治，曾经身为帝国最高法官，却在12世纪中期遭到流放。
3. 关于梅里森诺斯得到的特权，参见Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87; John Zonaras,XVIII.21, 3, p. 732; also N. Oikonomides (ed.), Archives de l'Athos: Actes de Docheiariou (Paris, 1984), p. 76. 关于阿德里安，Actes de Lavra, 1, pp. 247–51.
4. L. Petit, 'Typikon du monastère de la Kosmosoteira près d'Aenos', Izvestiya Russkogo Arkheologicheskogo Instituta v Konstantinopole 13 (1908), pp. 19–75.
5. Frankopan, 'Imperial governors of Dyrrakhion', pp. 65–103.
6. Anna Komnene, VI.9, p. 171.
7. 如同杜卡斯家族的众多成员一样，另两位皇帝的姻亲迈克尔·塔隆尼特斯和尼基弗鲁斯·梅里森诺斯也都得到了很高的头衔和地位。Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87. 这些赏赐在其他资料中也得到了印证，这些人物的印玺就是比较有力的证明。 e.g. Zacos and Veglery, Byzantine Lead Seals, nos. 2698 and 2720 (d). 关于杜卡斯家族, 参见D. Polemis, The Doukai (London, 1968). 关于科穆宁家族完整的人物传记，参见K. Barzos, He Genealogia ton Komnenon, 2 vols. (Thessaloniki, 1984).
8. 参见A. Kazhdan, L'aristocracia bizantina dal principio dell' XI alla fine del XII secolo (Palermo, 1997), pp. 141–6; J.-C. Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance 963–1210 (Paris, 1990), pp. 359ff; P. Magdalino, 'Innovations in Government', in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.), Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 146–66.
9. P. Frankopan, 'Kinship and the distribution of power in Komnenian Byzantium', English Historical Review 495 (2007), pp. 10–13.
10. Anna Komnene, IV.4, p. 114. 关于他的矮小身材，II.4, p. 58.
11. Ibid., p. 115; VI.13, pp. 181–2.
12. Anna Komnene, V.5, pp. 140–1.
13. Actes de Lavra, 1, nos. 44–5, 48–9 (1083; 1084; 1086; 1089).
14. 关于阿里法斯，参见Anna Komnene IV.6, pp. 122–3.
15. Theophylact of Ohrid, p. 114; Anna Komnene, VI.13, p. 182.
16. Manuel Straboromanos, pp. 183–5.
17. Diegesis merike ton epistolon Alexiou basileios kai Nicholaou Patriarchou genomene kata diaphorous kairous, in P. Meyer (ed.), Die Haupturkunden für die Geschichte der Athos-Kl?ster (Leipzig, 1894), p. 172.
18. John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 738.
19. Anna Komnene, III.10, p. 102.
20. Anna Komnene, V.2, pp. 131–2. J. Stephanou, 'Le procès de Léon de Chalcédoine', Orientalia Christiana Periodica 9 (1943), pp. 5–64; V. Grumel, 'L'affaire de Léon de Chalcédoine, le Chrysobulle d'Alexis Ier sur les objets sacrés', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 2 (1944), pp. 126–33.
21. John the Oxite, p. 33.
22. John Zonaras, VIII.22, 3, p. 732.
23. John the Oxite, esp. p. 33; also pp. 29, 31, 35.
24. Actes de Lavra, I, no. 50; Actes de Docheiariou, no. 2; D. Papachryssanthou (ed.), Actes de Xénophon (Paris, 1986), no. 2; J. Lefort, N. Oikonomides and D. Papachryssanthou (eds.), Actes d'Iviron, 2 vols. (Paris, 1985–90), 2, pp. 28–9.
25. Anna Komnene, IX.2, pp. 240–1. 秩序恢复之后，任命了一名征收特别税的官员，由此我们可以推断出叛乱发生的原因。 Anna Komnene, IX.2, p. 242. See P. Frankopan, 'Challenges to imperial authority in Byzantium: Revolts on Crete and Cyprus at the end of the 11th Century', Byzantion 74 (2004), pp. 382–402.
26. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 206; VIII.7, p. 229.
27. Anna Komnene, IV.2, p. 111.
28. 例如，Dandolo, Chronica brevis, p. 363; L. Lanfranchi (ed.), Famiglia Zusto (Venice, 1955), 6, 9, nos. 1–2.
29. 尽管相关原始法令的最早的副本称，这次授权发生在1092年5月，但现代的学者们不相信这种说法，理由是11世纪80年代的某个时刻似乎更为合理——虽然支持后者的文本、碑文和背景资料都很值得质疑。《阿莱克修斯纪》里在何处谈论的这次授权也非常重要，尽管它与实际发生时间显然不符。相关的完整讨论，参见T. Madden, 'The chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The date and the debate', Journal of Medieval History 28 (2002), pp. 23–41, and P. Frankopan, 'Byzantine trade privileges to Venice in the eleventh century: The chrysobull of 1092', Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004), pp. 135–60.
30. M. Pozza and G. Ravegnani, I Trattati con Bisanzio 992–1198 (Venice, 1993), pp. 38–45.
31. Ibid., pp. 39–40.
32. Ibid., p. 43.
33. Ibid, pp. 40–3.
34. Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta, p. 217. 丹多罗没有说明为什么1092年的时候牧首会在君士坦丁堡，只说他因热病在那里去世。
35. Anna Komnene, VI.7, pp. 166–7; VI.3, p. 156.
36. Anna Komnene, VII.3, p. 194.
37. Pozza and Ravegnani, Trattati con Bisanzio, pp. 42–3.
38. Katakalon Kekaumenos, 81, p. 278.
39. Anna Komnene, III.10, p. 103.
40. 关于阿莱克修斯的继承人约翰二世是如何出生的，以及皇帝其他孩子的情况，参见A. Kazhdan, 'Die Liste der Kinder des Alexios I in einer Moskauer Handschrift (UBV 53/147)', in R. Stiehl and H. Stier (eds.), Beitr?ge zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1969–70), 2, pp. 233–7. 约翰二世的加冕仪式及其日期，可从A. Spinelli (ed.), Regii neapolitani archivi monumenta edita ac illustrata, 6 vols. (Naples, 1845–61), 5, nos. 457–8, 462, 464–7. 中推断出来。
41. Anna Komnene, VIII.7–8, pp. 229–32.
42. Anna Komnene, VI.8, p. 168.
43. Geoffrey Malaterra, III.13, p. 64; Michael the Syrian, 3, p. 176; Bar Hebraeus, 1, p. 227.
44. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 248.
45. Ibid., p. 250.
46. Anna Komnene, IX.5, p. 247.
47. Anna Komnene, IX.7, p. 252.
48. Anna Komnene, IX.8, pp. 253–4.
49. Ibid., p. 253, and III.2, p. 81.
50. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 254.
51. 阿德里安被派往调查第欧根尼家族正密谋起兵反抗皇帝的流言时，阿德里安和尼基弗鲁斯回忆了这件事。Anna Komnene, IX.7, pp. 252–3.
52. 阿德里安做了僧侣，死时的名字是约翰。B. de Montfaucon, Paleographia Graeca (Paris, 1708), p. 47. 有关他在这次密谋当中的作用，以及他的家族的结局，参见Frankopan, 'Kinship and the distribution of power', pp. 1–34.
53. 例如，Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 219; VIII.8, p. 232. 关于梅里森诺斯，参见Frankopan, 'The Fall of Nicaea', pp. 153–84.
54. 此后，梅里森诺斯只在他死前出现过一次，是在讨伐库曼人的战役中: Anna Komnene, X.2, p. 264. 阿莱克修斯一般都不喜欢把自己的敌手留在君士坦丁堡，而喜欢带着他们随同出征——这样他就可以时刻监视他们。1081年拜占庭帝国中几乎所有的重要人物都随他一道征讨诺曼人，1094年他们也当然与他一道前往讨伐塞尔维亚人。
55. Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87.
56. Anna Komnene, XI.10, p. 325; XIII.1, p. 357.
57. Anna Komnene, IX.8, p. 254.
58. Ibid.
59. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 250.
60. Anna Komnene, IX.8, p. 254.
61. Anna Komnene, IX.9, pp. 255–6.
62. Ibid., p. 256.
63. Ibid., pp. 256–7.
64. Ibid., p. 257. 到底是不是她父亲下令刺瞎了尼基弗鲁斯·第欧根尼，作者说得很含糊。
65. Anna Komnene, IX.1, p. 237.
66. Anna Komnene, XV.11, p. 465.
67. Anna Komnene, IX.2, p. 242; E. Sargologos, La Vie de saint Cyrille le Philéote,moine byzantin (Part 1110) (Brussels, 1964), pp. 35.i–viii, 146–53.
68. 关于他们的功绩参见B. Skoulatos, Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: analyse prosopographique et synthèse (Louvain, 1980), pp. 160–1, 85–7.
69. Anna Komnene, X.9, pp. 286–8; John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 739.
70. Gesta Francorum, IV, pp. 25–6.
71. Anna Komnene, XI.10, p. 323.
72. Anna Komnene, XI.3, p. 305.
73. Anna Komnene, XI.3, pp. 304–5; XI.5, pp. 309–12.
74. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 203; IX.1, p. 238; IX.3, p. 242.
75. Anna Komnene, X.2, p. 264. 关于梅里森诺斯的死, 参见Peter Lambecius, Commentariorum de Augustissima Biblioteca Caesarea Vindobonensi, 8 vols. (Vienna, 1665–79), 5, col. 537. 另可参见D. Papachryssanthou, 'La date de la mort du sébastokrator Isaac Comnène', Revue des Etudes Byzantines 21 (1963), p. 252.
76. Anna Komnene, X.2–4, pp. 262–73; The Russian Primary Chronicle, tr. S. Cross, and O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 180.
77. Anna Komnene, XI.2, p. 300.
第6章 东方的召唤
1. J-C. Cheynet, 'Les Sceaux byzantins de Londres', Studies in Byzantine Sigillography 8 (2003) pp. 85–100; also J-C. Cheynet, 'Le r?le des Occidentaux dans l'armée byzantine avant la Première Croisade', in E. Konstantinou (ed.), Byzanz und das Abendland im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert (Cologne 1997), pp. 111–28.
2. 例如V. Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l'empire byzantin II: L'administration centrale (Paris 1981), no. 469 (Bulgarian); G. Zacos, Byzantine Lead Seals II, compiled and ed. J. Nesbitt (Bern, 1984), no. 706 (interpreter to the English); ibid. (Anglo-Saxon); Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l'empire byzantine, no. 991(interpreter of the fleet).
3. F. Schmitt (ed.), S. Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera omnia, 6 vols. (Edinburgh, 1938–61), 3, pp. 252–5.
4. 参见J. Shepard, 'The uses of the Franks in 11th Century Byzantium', Anglo-Norman Studies 15 (1992), pp. 275–305.
5. John Skylitzes, p. 486; Michael Attaleiates, pp. 122–5, Matthew of Edessa, II.19, p. 101.
6. Patrologia Latina, 150, col. 737.
7. Ekkehard of Aura, pp. 133–4.
8. Gilbert of Mons, Chronique Hanoniense, tr. L. Napran (Woodbridge, 2005), 23, p. 25.
9. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, pp. 134–5. 关于这封信的评述，见前引，PP60-6.
10. Shepard, 'How St James the Persian's head was brought to Cormery', p. 299.
11. Narratio Floriacensis de captis Antiochia et Hierosolyma et obsesso Dyrrachio, RHC, Occ., 5, p. 356, Gilbert of Mons, 23, p. 25. 另见Becker, Urban II, 2, p. 180, 最重要的J. Shepard, 'Cross-purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade', in J. Phillips (ed.), The First Crusade: Origins and Impact (Manchester, 1997), pp. 107–29
12. Ekkehard of Aura, pp. 134–6.
13. Guibert of Nogent, I.5, pp. 102–3.
14. Baldric of Dol, I, p. 14.
15. Fulcher of Chartres, I.3.ii–iii, pp. 65–6.
16. William of Apulia, IV, p. 212.
17. Sibt al-Jawzi, p. 244; Bar Hebraeus, 1, pp. 230–1.
18. Raymond of Aguilers, XIII, pp. 108–9; William of Tyre, I.7, 1, pp. 116–17; Albert of Aachen, VI.31, p. 442.
19. S. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza, 6 vols. (Princeton, 1967–93), pp. 308–14. Also see here S. Goitein, 'Jerusalem in the First Arabic period', in Jewish Settlements in Palestine in the Beginning of the Islamic and the Crusade Period, in the Light of the Geniza (Jerusalem, 1980); M. Gil, 'Political History of Jerusalem', in J. Prawer (ed.), Book of Jerusalem, The First Islamic Period, 638–1099 (Jerusalem, 1991).
20. 参见S. Gat, 'The Seljuks in Jerusalem', in Y. Lev (ed.), Town and Material Culture in the Medieval Middle East (Leiden, 2002), pp. 4–40.
21. C. Cahen, 'La chronique abrégée d'al-Azimi', Journal Asiatique 230 (1938), p. 369.
22. Ibn al-Athir, AH 491/Dec. 1097–Dec. 1098, pp. 13–14.
23. 参见C. Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ in the Medieval West (Oxford, 2005), esp. pp. 134–9; 不过也要注意J. France, 'The Destruction of Jerusalem and the First Crusade', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 47 (1996), pp. 1–17.
24. Guibert of Nogent, II.10, pp. 125–6.
25. 前注，pp.118-119。
26. J. Vaissète, C. Devic and A. Molinier (eds.), Histoire générale de Languedoc, 3rd edition, 16 vols. (Toulouse, 1872–1904), 5, cols. 737–8.
27. J. Venier (ed.), Chartres de l'abbaye de Jumièges, 2 vols. (Paris, 1916), 1, pp. 121–3.
28. R. Bautier, M. Gilles and M. Bautier (eds.), Chronicon S. Petri Vivi Senonensis (Paris, 1979), p. 140.
29. Gregory Pakourianos, p. 131.
30. Letopis Popa Dukljanina, 27, p. 413.