[14] 一份150克的白米饭：New Scientist, 11 June 2016, p. 32.

[15]　出于种种复杂的化学理由：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 255.

[16] 一枚鳄梨含有的饱和脂肪：New Scientist, 2 Aug. 2014, p. 35.

[17]　直到2004年，美国心脏协会：Kummerow obituary, New York Times, 1 June 2017.

[18]　这个想法可以追溯到1945年：More or Less, BBC Radio 4, 6 Jan. 2017.

[19] 想喝多少水就喝多少水的人：Roach, Grunt, p. 133.

[20]　喝太多水：‘Can You Drink Too Much Water?', New York Times, 19 June 2015; ‘Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill', Scienti?c American, 21 June 2007.

[21] 人一辈子要吃差不多60吨食物：Zimmer, Microcosm, p. 56.

[22] 受肥胖折磨的人远多于：Nature, 2 Feb. 2012, p. 27.

[23] 每个星期吃一块巧克力饼干：New Scientist, 18 July 2009, p. 32.

[24]　对我们产生了最大启蒙作用的人：Keys obituary, Washington Post, 2 Nov. 2004; Keys obituary, New York Times, 23 Nov. 2004; Journal of Health and Human Behavior (Winter 1963): pp. 291-293; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (March 2010).

[25]　基斯着手进行了一场日后称作“明尼苏达饥饿实验”的探索：‘They Starved So That Others Be Better Fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment', Journal of Nutrition 135, no. 6, June 2005.

[26]　1/5的美国年轻人：‘What Not to Eat', New York Times, 2 Jan. 2017;

‘How Much Harm Can Sugar Do?', New Yorker, 8 Sept. 2015.

[27]　莎士比亚吃的水果：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 265; ‘Best Before?', New Scientist, 17 Oct. 2015.

[28]　美国最受欢迎的蔬菜：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2011, p. 158.

[29]　美国人平均每天摄入3400毫克：‘Clearing Up the Confusion About Salt', New York Times, 20 Nov. 2017.

[30]　麦克马斯特大学……进行了一项综合分析：Chemistry World, Sept. 2016, p. 50.

[31]　我们发现，发表的文献：International Journal of Epidemiology, 17 Feb. 2016.

[32]　最初只是想讨一个姑娘的欢心：Interview with Professor Christopher Gardner, Palo Alto, Calif., 29 Jan. 2018.

[33] 大约40%患有糖尿病：Nature, 2 Feb. 2012, p. 27.

[34]　50%怪遗传，50%怪芝士汉堡：National Geographic, Feb. 2007, p. 49.

第十五章　肠胃：为什么女性的消化时间要比男性长一整天

[1] 这些管道的表面积：Vogel, Lifers Devices, p. 42.

[2]　食物在女性体内多逗留：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, p. 19.

[3]　这就是为什么总有人提醒你：‘Fiber Is Good for You. Now Scientists May Know Why', New York Times, 1 Jan. 2018.

[4] 你肚子里发出的咕咕声：Enders, Gut, p. 83.

[5]　美国一年有3000人：‘A Bug in the System', New Yorker, 2 Feb. 2015, p. 30.

[6] 但他们认为把汉堡加热到：Food Safety News, 27 Dec. 2017.

[7] 美国农业部的一项研究认为：‘Bug in the System', p. 30.

[8]　人们往往会把病源归咎为自己最近一次：‘What to Blame for Your Stomach Bug? Not Always the Last Thing You Ate', New York Times, 29 June 2017.

[9]　四处漂泊好些年之后：‘Men and Books', Canadian Medical Association Journal, June 1959.

[10]　美国每年约有25万人因阑尾炎住院：‘The Global Incidence of Appendicitis: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies', Annals of Surgery, Aug. 2017.

[11]　富裕国家的急性阑尾炎发病率：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, p. 43.

[12] 利普斯对病人的态度：New York Times obituary, 20 April 2005.

[13]　世界各地找他来看病的人：‘Killing Cures', New York Review of Books, 11 Aug. 2005.

[14] 每克粪便中：Money, Amoeba in the Room, p. 144.

[15] 从同一堆粪便的两头所取的样本：Nature, 21 Aug. 2014, p. 247.

[16]　大肠杆菌有两种菌株：Zimmer, Microcosm, p. 20; Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, p. 119.

[17]　大肠杆菌才以他的名字命名：Clinical Infectious Diseases,15 Oct. 2007, pp. 1025-1029.

[18] 嗅觉神经变得麻痹了：Roach, Gulp, p. 253.

[19]　众多记录下来的案例之一：‘Fatal Colonic Explosion During Colonoscopic Polypectomy', Gastroenterology 77, no. 6 (1979).

第十六章　睡眠：为什么你睡觉不会从**掉下来

[1]　1989年……一项……实验：‘Sleep Deprivation in the Rat', Sleep 12, no. 1 (1989).

[2] 有高血压早期症状的人：Nature, 23 May 2013, p. S7.

[3] 如果睡眠没有：Scienti?c American, Oct. 2015, p. 42.

[4]　哪怕像线虫和果蝇这样简单的生物：New Scientist, 2 Feb. 2013, pp. 38-39.

[5]　阿塞林斯基头一个晚上的受试者：‘The Stubborn Scientist Who Unraveled a Mystery of the Night', Smithsonian, Sept. 2003; ‘Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: Regulation and Function', Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15 June 2013.

[6] 前两个阶段的睡眠很浅：Martin, Counting Sheep, p. 98.

[7]　大多数男性在REM睡眠期会**：同上，pp. 133-139; ‘Cerebral Hygiene', London Review of Books, 29 June 2017.

[8] 一般人一晚上会翻身：Martin, Counting Sheep, p. 104.

[9] 12名长途飞行的飞行员进行了研究：同上，pp. 39-40.

[10]　这也许可以解释：Burnett, Idiot Brain, p. 25; Sternberg, NeuroLogic, pp. 13-14.

[11] 一名观众高喊：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 133.

[12]　他们很难接受自己已经研究了：Interview with Professor Russell

Foster, Brasenose College, Oxford, 17 Oct. 2018.

[13]　松果体不是我们的灵魂：Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, p. 200.

[14] 研究人员请他估计：Shubin, Universe Within, pp. 55-67.

[15] 这些最畅销的药物约有一半：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 37.

[16]　上课时间晚一些：‘Let Teenagers Sleep In', New York Times, 20 Sept. 2018.

[17]　失眠跟糖尿病：‘In Search of Forty Winks', New Yorker, 8-15 Feb. 2016.

[18]　经常上夜班的女性：‘Of Owls, Larks, and Alarm Clocks', Nature, 11 March 2009.

[19]　大约50%打鼾的人：‘Snoring: What to Do When a Punch in the Shoulder Fails', New York Times, 11 Dec. 2010.

[20]　最极端、最可怕的失眠症：Zeman, Consciousness, pp. 46-47;

‘The Family That Couldn?t Sleep', New York Times, 2 Sept. 2006.

[21] 一些权威人士认为，朊病毒：Nature, 10 April 2014, p. 181.

[22]　在全世界范围内，患病比例是400万分之一：‘The Wild Frontiers of Slumber', Nature, 1 March 2018; Zeman, Consciousness, pp. 106-109.

[23]　我记得自己醒来时：Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 27 Dec. 2017.

[24]　打哈欠甚至与你的疲劳程度没有可靠的关联：Martin, Counting Sheep, p. 140.

第十七章　进入不可描述地带：Y染色体将在460万年后消失

[1] 有一回，总统访问农场时：这个故事当然不足为信。

[2]　内蒂·史蒂文斯本应该更出名的：‘Nettie M. Stevens and the Discovery of Sex Determination by Chromosomes', Isis, June 1978; American National Biography.

[3] 只是个惊人的巧合罢了：Bainbridge, X in Sex, p. 66.

[4]　眼巴巴地站在绞刑架底下：‘The Chromosome Number in Humans: A Brief History', Nature Reviews Genetics, 1 Aug. 2006.

[5] 这个数字一直保持不变，基本无人怀疑：Ridley, Genome, pp. 23-24.

[6]　经过了无数代制造小男孩和小女孩的繁衍之后：‘Vive la Difference', New York Review of Books, 12 May 2005.

[7]　按照它目前的恶化速度：‘Sorry, Guys: Your Y Chromosome May Be Doomed', Smithsonian, 19 Jan. 2018.

[8] 人类实际上根本就不再生：Mukherjee, Gene, p. 357.

[9]　有多少人曾在亲密关系中对伴侣不忠：‘In?dels', New Yorker, 18-25 Dec. 2017.

[10] 一项研究中，女性受访者：Spiegelhalter, Sex by Numbers, p. 35.

[11]　由于资金问题，只有3432人：American Journal of Public Health, July 1996, pp. 1037-1040; ‘What, How Often, and with Whom?', London Review of Books, 3 Aug. 1995.

[12] 这让斯皮格尔霍尔特禁不住好奇：Spiegelhalter, Sex by Numbers, p. 2.

[13] **的中位数时间：同上，pp. 218-220.

[14]　黑猩猩和人类：‘Bonobos Join Chimps as Closest Human Relatives', Science News, 13 June 2012.

[15] 他们比女性更容易受到感染：Bribiescas, Men, pp. 174-176.

[16] **分泌物是唯一……体液：Roach, Bonk, p. 12.

[17]　它得名自德国妇科医生兼科学家恩斯特·格拉芬贝格：American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aug. 2001, p. 359.

[18] 直到20世纪初，?clitorisせ: Oxford English Dictionary.

[19] 子宫的重量是50克：Cassidy, Birth, p. 80.

[20]　许多哺乳动物的睾丸都长在体内，而且运转良好：Bainbridge, Teenagers, pp. 254-255.

[21]　存在大量的不确定性：‘Skin Deep', New York Review of Books, 7 Oct. 1999.

[22]　权威人士似乎普遍认为：Morris, Bodywatching, p. 216; Spiegelhalter, Sex by Numbers, pp. 216-217.

第十八章　怀孕与生育：人的分娩是最大的设计失误

[1]　成功受精的概率：‘Not from Venus, Not from Mars', New York Times, 25-26 Feb. 2017, international edition.

[2]　杂志上刊登过一篇综合分析：‘Yes, Sperm Counts Have Been Steadily Declining', Smithsonian.com, 26 July 2017.

[3]　常见内分泌干扰物：‘Are Your Sperm in Trouble?', New York Times, 11 March 2017.

[4] 一般人壮年时所产生的**数：Lents, Human Errors, p. 100.

[5]　35岁的女性已耗尽了自己95%的卵子库存：‘The Divorce of Coitus from Reproduction', New York Review of Books, 25 Sept. 2014.

[6]　倘若没有这种机制，出生缺陷率：Roberts, Incredible Unlikeliness of Being, p. 344.

[7]　约80%的准妈妈：‘What Causes Morning Sickness?', New York Times, 3 Aug. 2018.

[8] 唯一真正可靠的检测方法是：Oakley, Captured Womb, p. 17.

[9] 直到1886年，英国的医学生：Epstein, Get Me Out, p. 38.

[10] 有时也会被医生放血：Oakley, Captured Womb, p. 22.

[11]　1906年，估计有15万美国妇女：Sengoopta, Most Secret Quintessence of Life, pp. 16-18.

[12] 天知道我把多少女士：Cassidy, Birth, p. 60.

[13]　对病人周围的空气进行消毒：‘The Gruesome, Bloody World of Victorian Surgery', Atlantic, 22 Oct. 2017.

[14]　直到1932年，女性因生育而死的概率仍高达1/238：Oakley,

Captured Womb, p. 62.

[15] 而是青霉素的出现：Cassidy, Birth, p. 61.

[16]　美国妇女死于分娩的概率比欧洲妇女高出70%：Economist, 18 July 2015, p. 41.

[17] 最缺乏了解的人体器官：Scienti?c American, Oct. 2017, p. 38.

[18] 现代女性在分娩时：Nature, 14 July 2016, p. S6.

[19]　剖宫产出生的人：‘The Cesarean-Industrial Complex', Atlantic, Sept. 2014.

[20]　超过60%的剖宫产：‘Stemming the Global Caesarean Section Epidemic', Lancet, 13 Oct. 2018.

[21] 一出生就急于清理卫生：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 95.

[22]　婴儿双歧杆菌是母乳中的一种重要微生物：Yong, I Contain Multitudes, p. 130.

[23] 到一岁时，普通婴儿：New Yorker, 22 Oct. 2012, p. 33.

[24]　有证据表明，哺乳的母亲：Ben-Barak, Why Aren?t We Dead Yet', p. 68.

[25]　为了保护妇女：‘Opposition to Breast-Feeding Resolution by U.S.

Stuns World Health Of?cials', New York Times, 8 July 2018.

第十九章　神经与疼痛：大脑感觉到的疼，才是真的疼

[1]　重复上述体验，模式：‘Show Me Where It Hurts', Nature, 14 July 2016.

[2]　只有当大脑感受到疼痛时，疼痛才出现：Interview with Professor Irene Tracey, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, 18 Sept. 2018.

[3]　第一个确认痛觉感受器：Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. ‘Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott?; Nature Neuroscience, June 2010, pp. 429-430.

[4] 一半的脊髓损伤：Annals of Medicine, New Yorker, 25 Jan. 2016.

[5]　就像神经系统本身一样，疼痛：‘A Name for Their Pain', Nature, 14 July 2016; Foreman, Nation in Pain, pp. 22-24.

[6]　这个词是法语demi-craine的变体：‘Headache', American Journal of Medicine, Jan. 2018; ‘Why Migraines Strike', Scienti?c American, Aug. 2008; ‘A General Feeling of Disorder', New York Review of Books, 23 April 2015.

[7] 多纳威特，那就这样吧：Dormandy, Worst of Evils, p. 483.

[8] 但同样地……减轻疼痛：Nature Neuroscience, April 2008, p. 314.

[9] 只要有一个富有同情心和关爱的伴侣：Wolf, Body Quantum, p. vii.

[10]　疼痛的受试者就为之提供吗啡：Nature Neuroscience, April 2008, p. 314.

[11] 40%的美国成年人：Foreman, Nation in Pain, p. 3.

[12]　总的来说，受慢性疼痛影响的人：‘The Neuroscience of Pain', New Yorker, 2 July 2018.

[13] 听不见，也看不见：Daudet, In the Land of Pain, p. 15.

[14] 我们使用的药物……缓解了50%的疼痛：‘Name for Their Pain?.

[15]　据估计，1999—2014年间：Chemistry World, July 2017, p. 28; Economist, 28 Oct. 2017, p. 41; ‘Opioid Nation', New York Review of Books, 6 Dec. 2018.

[16]　阿片类药物致死提高了器官捐献的数量：‘The Disturbing Reasons Behind the Spike in Organ Donations', Washington Post, 17 April 2018.

[17]　医生得到了良好的预后效果：‘Feel the Burn', London Review of Books, 30 Sept. 1999.

[18] 即便如此，仍有59%：‘Honest Fakery', Nature, 14 July 2016.

[19] 安慰剂不会让肿瘤变小：Marchant, Cure, p. 22.

第二十章　疾病：致命性弱、传播性强的病毒才是最成功的病毒

[1]　1948年秋，冰岛北岸的小城：‘The Post-viral Syndrome: A Review', Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, May 1987; ‘A Disease Epidemic in Iceland Simulating Poliomyelitis', American Journal of Epidemiology 2 (1950); ‘Early Outbreaks of ?Epidemic Neuromyastheniaせ', Postgraduate Medical Journal, Nov.1978; Annals of Medicine, New Yorker, 27 Nov. 1965.

[2]　但1970年，经过几年的沉寂之后：‘Epidemic Neuromyasthenia: A Syndrome or a Disease?', Journal of the American Medical Association, 13 March 1972.

[3] 西尼罗河病毒在纽约出现：Crawford, Deadly Companions, p. 18.

[4]　两百年后，一种类似的疾病：‘Two Spots and a Bubo', London Review of Books, 21 April 2005.

[5]　波旁病毒的名字来自：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, May 2015; ‘Researchers Reveal That Killer ?Bourbon Virusせ Is of the Rare Thogotovirus Genus', Science Times, 22 Feb. 2015; ‘Mysterious Virus That Killed a Farmer in Kansas Is Identi?ed', New York Times, 23 Dec. 2014.

[6]　除非医生正在做专门针对这种感染的实验室检测：‘Deadly Heartland Virus Is Much More Common Than Scientists Thought', National Public Radio, 16 Sept. 2015.

[7]　几天之内，34人死亡：‘In Philadelphia 30 Years Ago, an Eruption of Illness and Fear', New York Times, 1 Aug. 2006.

[8]　军团菌属广泛分布于土壤：‘Coping with Legionella', Public Health, 14 Nov. 2000.

[9]　阿克雷里病也出现了同样的情况：‘Early Outbreaks of ?Epidemic Neuromyastheniaせ?.

[10] 一种疾病是否会成为流行病：New Scientist, 9 May 2015, pp. 30-33.

[11] 才算是成功的病毒：‘Ebola Wars', New Yorker, 27 Oct. 2014.

[12]　鸟类和哺乳动物中有潜力跨越物种屏障感染人类的病毒数量：

‘The Next Plague Is Coming. Is America Ready?', Atlantic, July-

Aug. 2018.

[13]　一场我们永远无法恢复元气的大灾难：‘Stone Soup', New Yorker, 28 July 2014.

[14]　一名低调的厨娘兼管家：Grove, Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions, pp. 334-335; New Yorker, 26 Jan. 1935; American National Biography, s.v. ‘Mallon, Mary?.

[15] 美国每年会出现5750个病例：CDC figures.

[16]　光是20世纪，染上天花而死的人据信：‘The Awful Diseases on the Way', New York Review of Books, 9 June 2016.

[17]　其他17人：‘Bugs Without Borders', New York Review of Books, 16 Jan. 2003.

[18]　2014年，有人在：US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Media Statement on Newly Discovered Smallpox Specimens', 8 July 2014.

[19]　发给患者鹤嘴锄：‘Phrenic Crush', London Review of Books, Oct. 2003.

[20] 她和其他病友每个月只获允：MacDonald, Plague and I, p. 45.

[21]　伦敦部分行政区的感染率：‘Killer of the Poor Now Threatens the Wealthy', Financial Times, 24 March 2014.

[22] 即使是现在，唯一的治疗方法：Economist, 22 April 2017, p. 54.

[23] 比哈兹把尾蚴虫的蛹包在：Kaplan, What's Eating You', p. ix.

[24] 亨廷顿的蛋白质：Mukherjee, Gene, pp. 280-286.

[25]　至少有40个基因跟2型糖尿病相关：Nature, 17 May 2012, p. S10.

[26]　为什么温带气候：Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, pp. 77-78.

[27]　这种病症被记录下来的只有大约200例：Davies, Life Unfolding, p. 197.

[28] 90%的罕见病：MIT Technology Review, Nov.-Dec. 2018, p. 44.

[29] 你最有可能死于：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 351.

[30]　仅比未接种的人低36%：‘The Ghost of Influenza Past and the Hunt for a Universal Vaccine', Nature, 8 Aug. 2018.

第二十一章　癌症：你每天都有5次得癌症的机会

[1] 白喉、天花和肺结核：Bourke, Fear, pp. 298-299.

[2] 癌症的早期历史是：Mukherjee, Emperor of All Maladies, pp. 44-45.

[3] 60岁以上的男性中有一半：Welch, Less Medicine, More Health, p. 71.

[4]　1961年，美国一项针对医生的调查：‘What to Tell Cancer Patients', Journal of the American Medical Association 175, no. 13 (1961).

[5] 大约在同一时间，英国进行的调查：Smith, Body, p. 330.

[6]　所以，癌症不是传染性的：Interview with Dr Josef Vormoor, Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 18-19 Jan. 2019.

[7] 从出生到40岁之间：Herold, Stem Cell Wars, p. 10.

[8] 超过一半的病例：Nature, 24 March 2011, p. S16.

[9]　体重怎样让天平失去了平衡：‘The Fat Advantage', Nature, 15 Sept. 2016; ‘The Link Between Cancer and Obesity', Lancet, 14 Oct. 2017.

[10]　第一个注意到环境与癌症存在相关性的人：British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1957, pp. 68-70; ‘Percivall Pott, Chimney Sweeps, and Cancer', Education in Chemistry, 11 March 2006.

[11]　超过80,000种商业化生产的化学品：‘Toxicology for the 21 st Century', Nature, 8 July 2009.

[12]　虽然没人能说出：‘Cancer Prevention', Nature, 24 March 2011, pp. S22-S23.

[13]　在反对甚至嘲笑声中：Armstrong, p. 53; The Gene That Cracked the Cancer Code, pp. 27-29.

[14]　据估计，病原体：‘The Awful Diseases on the Way', New York Review of Books, 9 June 2016.

[15] 有10%的男性：Timmermann, History of Lung Cancer, pp. 6-7.

[16]　有证据表明，他的妻子：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2012.

[17]　根治性**切除术的概念：American National Biography, s.v. ‘Halsted, William Stewart?; ‘A Very Wide and Deep Dissection', New York Review of Books, 20 Sept. 2001; Beckhard and Crane, Cancer, Cocaine, and Courage, pp. 111-112.

[18] 他丧失了大部分下巴和部分头骨：Jorgensen, Strange Glow, p. 94.

[19] 1920年，美国卖出了400万块镭表：同上，pp. 87-88.

[20] 他因为多次接受手术而严重毁容：同上，p. 123.

[21]　劳伦斯夫人的癌症得到缓解：Goodman, McElligott, and Marks, Useful Bodies, p. 81-82.

[22]　后来人们发现：American National Biography, s.v. ‘Lawrence, John Hundale?.

[23]　由此，人们认识到芥子气的某些衍生物：Armstrong, p. 53; The Gene That Cracked the Cancer Code, pp. 253-254; Nature, 12 Jan. 2017, p. 154.

[24]　突破性时刻来自1968年：‘Childhood Leukemia Was Practically Untreatable Until Don Pinkel and St. Jude Hospital Found a Cure', Smithsonian, July 2016.

[25] 有很大比例的直接死因：Nature, 30 March2017, pp. 608-609.

[26]　少了240万人：‘We?re Making Real Progress Against Cancer. But You May Not Know It if You?re Poor', Vox, 2 Feb.2018.

[27] 只有不超过2%～3%用于预防：Nature, 24 March 2011, p. S4.

第二十二章　医疗：“过度治疗”才是健康的最大杀手

[1]　不管他能从土壤肥力中学到些什么知识：‘The White Plague', New York Review of Books, 26 May 1994.

[2]　塞尔曼·瓦克斯曼被授予诺贝尔生理学或医学奖：Literary Review, Oct. 2012, pp. 47-48; Guardian, 2 Nov. 2002.

[3] 据估计，全球人均预期寿命：Economist, 29 April 2017, p. 53.

[4] 到了1900年至1912年之间的某个时期：Nature, 24 March 2011, p. 446.

[5]　一位名叫托马斯·麦基文的英国流行病学家：Wootton, Bad Medicine, pp. 270-271.

[6]　麦基文的观点招致了大量批评：American Journal of Public Health, May 2002, pp. 725-729; ‘White Plague?; Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, pp. 314-315.

[7]　格拉斯哥东部的男性：‘Between Victoria and Vauxhall', London Review of Books, 1 June 2017.

[8]　美国每出现400名中年人死亡的案例：Economist, 25 March 2017, p. 76.

[9]　在富裕国家当中，美国几乎在所有医疗健康指标上都处于或接近最差水平：‘Why America Is Losing the Health Race', New Yorker, 11 June 2014.

[10]　就连囊性纤维症患者：‘Stunning Gap: Canadians with Cystic Fibrosis Outlive Americans by a Decade', Stat, 13 March 2017.

[11]　美国人把总收入的1/5：‘The US Spends More on Health Care than Any Other Country', Washington Post, 27 Dec. 2016.

[12]　就算是富裕的美国人也无法躲开：‘Why America Is Losing the Health Race?.

[13]　美国青少年死于车祸的概率是其他同类国家的两倍：‘American Kids Are 70% More Likely to Die Before Adulthood than Kids in Other Rich Countries', Vox, 8 Jan. 2018.

[14]　戴头盔的骑手脑部受伤的概率要低70%：Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ?gures.

[15]　《纽约时报》的一项调查发现，血管造影：‘The $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill', New York Times, 1 June 2013.

[16]　医疗质量有一个公认的衡量标准：‘Health Spending', OECD Data, data.oecd.org.

[17] 160名妇科医生受邀做了评估：Jorgensen, Strange Glow, p. 298.

[18]　一个人接受过度治疗：‘The State of the Nation's Health', Dartmouth Medicine, Spring 2007.

[19]　大多数医生都以这样那样的方式接受制药公司的钱财或礼物：‘Drug Companies and Doctors: A Story of Corruption', New York Review of Books, 15 Jan. 2009.

[20]　他们只是死的时候血压数据更好看：‘When Evidence Says No but Doctors Say Yes', Atlantic, 22 Feb. 2017.

[21]　但把同样的药物用到人类身上：‘Frustrated Alzheimer's Researchers Seek Better Lab Mice', Nature, 21 Nov. 2018.

[22]　因此，对大多数人来说：‘Aspirin to Prevent a First Heart Attack or Stroke', NNT, Jan. 8, 2015, www.thennt.com.

[23]　低剂量阿司匹林完全无助于：National Institute for Health Research press release, 16 July 2018.

第二十三章　衰老和死亡：选择生活方式，就是选择死亡方式

[1] 人数，首次超过了：Nature, 2 Feb. 2012, p. 27.

[2] 美国人中，近1/3的人：Economist, 29 April 2017, p. 11.

[3]　1940年，人在56岁就达到了这一概率：‘Special Report on Aging',Economist, 8 July 2017.

[4]　就算我们明天能找到治愈所有癌症的方法：Economist, 13 Aug. 2016, p. 14.

[5]　在这方面，最生动的例子莫过于：Hay?ick interview, Nautilus, 24 Nov. 2016.

[6] 人类寿命每增加一年：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 242.

[7] 在美国，老年人的比例：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 139.

[8]　俄罗斯生物老年学家若列斯·梅德韦德夫：‘Rethinking Modern Theories of Ageing and Their Classification', Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (2017).

[9]　海弗里克发现，培养的人类干细胞：‘The Disparity Between Human Cell Senescence In Vitro and Lifelong Replication In Vivo', Nature Biotechnology, 1 July 2002.

[10]　犹他大学遗传学家的一项研究发现：University of Utah Genetic Science Learning Center report, ‘Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer??

[11]　如果衰老完全是因为端粒：‘You May Have More Control over Aging than You Think . . .', Stat, 3 Jan. 2017.

[12]　我们大多数人恐怕都不会：Harman obituary, New York Times, 28 Nov. 2014.

[13]　这是个巨大的骗局：‘Myths That Will Not Die', Nature, 17 Dec. 2015; ‘No Truth to the Fountain of Youth', Scienti?c American, 29 Dec. 2008.

[14]　补充抗氧化剂并不会降低：‘The Free Radical Theory of Aging Revisited', Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 19, no. 8 (2013).

[15] 40岁以后，流向肾脏的血液量：Nuland, How We Die, p. 53.

[16]　还有两种鲸鱼也有更年期：Naked Scientists, podcast, 7 Feb. 2017.

[17] 提出了两种主要理论：Bainbridge, Middle Age, pp. 208-211.

[18] 顺便说一句，说更年期由：同上，p. 199.

[19]　纽约阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院的一项研究：Scientific American, Sept. 2016, p. 58.

[20]　也是万里挑一的事：‘The Patient Talks Back', New York Review of Books, 23 Oct. 2008.

[21]　老年学研究小组：‘Keeping Track of the Oldest People in the World', Smithsonian, 8 July 2014.

[22]　哥斯达黎加人的个人财富只有美国人的1/5：Marchant, Cure, pp. 206-211.

[23] 她所患上的病，有可能根本不是：Literary Review, Aug. 2016, p. 35.

[24]　大约30%的老年人：‘Tau Protein—Not Amyloid—May Be Key Driver of Alzheimer's Symptoms', Science, 11 May 2016.

[25]　良性的生活并不能完全消除：‘Our Amazingly Plastic Brains', Wall Street Journal, 6 Feb. 2015.

[26]　在英国，痴呆症每年让国民健康服务破费：Inside Science, BBC Radio 4, 1 Dec. 2016.

[27]　针对阿尔茨海默病的药物失败率高达99.6%：Chemistry World, Aug. 2014, p. 8.

[28]　每天，全世界有16万人死亡：World Health Organization statistics.

[29] 另一项研究发现了：Journal of Palliative Medicine 17, no. 3 (2014).

[30] 大多数垂死的人：‘What It Feels Like to Die', Atlantic, 9 Sept. 2016.

[31]　终末濒死呼吸：‘The Agony of Agonal Respiration: Is the Last Gasp Necessary?', Journal f Medical Ethics, June 2002.

[32] 在生命的最后几周接受：Economist, 29 April 2017, p. 55.

[33] 一篇综述发现：Hatch, Snowball in a Blizzard, p. 7.

[34] 一个人的尸体，一看就像：Nuland, How We Die, p. 122.

[35]　有些器官的运转时间较长：‘Rotting Reactions', Chemistry World, Sept. 2016.

[36]　在密封棺材里腐烂：‘What's Your Dust Worth?', London Review of Books, 14 April 2011.

[37] 普通的墓地一般只在：Literary Review, May 2013, p. 43.

[38] 100年前，100个人里只有一个：‘What's Your Dust Worth??