如果有人希望核对事实，或阅读更多资料，请参考下面的内容。如果是众所周知的或广为报道的事实(例如肝脏的功能)，我不会特意标注来源。总体而言，只有当论断很具体、存在争议，又或者有着别的重要之处，我才会标注出来源。
第一章 制造一个人要花多少钱
[1] 总的来说，根据皇家化学学会的计算：构建一个本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇的复制品所花成本的信息，来自Karen Ogilvie of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London。
[2] 我们只需要20个钴原子：Emsley, Nature's Building Blocks, p. 4.
[3] 我们现在知道，硒能制成两种重要的酶：同上，pp. 379-380.
[4] 你的肝脏会受到无可挽回的毒害：Scientific American, July 2015, p. 31.
[5] 2012年，美国电视网PBS在老牌科学节目《新星》(Nova)里：Hunting the Elements', Nova, 4 April 2012.
[6] 听好了，你每天眨眼14,000次：McNeill, Face, p. 27.
[7] 把你所有血管的长度加起来：West, Scale, p. 152.
[8] 如果你把体内所有的DNA搓成：Pollack, Signs of Life, p. 19.
[9] 200亿股DNA并排起来：同上。
[10] 它的化学名称长达189,819个字母：Ball, Stories of the Invisible, p. 48.
[11] 没人知道我们体内有多少种蛋白质：Challoner, Cell, p. 38.
[12] 所有人类共享99.9％的DNA：Nature, 26 June 2014, p. 463.
[13] 我的DNA和你的DNA有着300万～400万个不同之处：Arney,Herding Hemingway's Cats, p. 184.
[14] 一百来个只属于你的个人基因突变：New Scientist, 15 Sept. 2012,pp. 30-33.
[15] 有一种叫作“Alu元件”的特殊短序列：Mukherjee, Gene, p.322; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, p. 174.
[16] 每6名吸烟者中就有5名不会患上肺癌：Nature, 24 March 2011, p. S2.
[17] 每天，你会有1～5个细胞发生癌变：Samuel Cheshier, neurosurgeon and Stanford professor, quoted on Naked Scientist podcast, 21 March 2017.
[18] 我们的身体是一个37.2万亿个细胞构成的宇宙：‘An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body', Annals of Human Biology, Nov.-Dec.2013.
[19] 有数以千计(8000多种)的事情可以扼杀我们：New Yorker, 7 April 2014, pp. 38-39.
[20] 我们执行合成过程的每一环节：Hafer, Not-So-Intelligent Designer, p. 132.
第二章 皮肤：人体最大的器官
[1] 我们皮肤接缝的地方不会破裂：Jablonski interview, State College,Pa., 29 Feb. 2016.
[2] 我们大手大脚、漫不经心地挥霍着皮肤：Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, p. 31.
[3] 我们每个人，每年身后都会掉落下：同上，p. 166.
[4] “acne”一词的词源很不确定：Oxford English Dictionary.
[5] 它们可以检测到轻微的接触：Ackerman, Natural History of the Senses, p. 83.
[6] 你把铁锹插入碎石或沙土：Linden, Touch, p. 46.
[7] 很奇怪的是，我们没有任何湿润感受器：‘The Magic of Touch', The Uncommon Senses, BBC Radio 4, 27 March 2017.
[8] 女性手指的触觉敏感性远远高于男性：Linden, Touch, p. 73.
[9] 皮肤的颜色来自各种染料：Jablonski interview.
[10] 随着年龄的增长，它的生成会急剧放缓：Challoner, Cell, p. 170.
[11] 黑色素是一种绝佳的天然防晒品：Jablonski interview.
[12] 黑色素往往会对阳光做出长斑的反应：Jablonski, Living Color, p. 14.
[13] 晒伤的红色：Jablonski, Skin, p. 17.
[14] 晒伤的正式名称是红斑：Smith, Body, p. 410.
[15] 这个过程叫黄褐斑色素沉淀：Jablonski, Skin, p. 90.
[16] 全球有50％的人：Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, April/June 2012; New Scientist, 9 Aug. 2014, pp. 34-37.
[17] 随着人们进化出更浅的肤色：University College London press release, ‘Natural Selection Has Altered the Appearance of Europeans over the Past 5000 Years', 11 March 2014.
[18] 皮肤颜色发生改变的时间周期更长：Jablonski, Living Color, p. 24.
[19] 南美洲原住民的肤色：Jablonski, Skin, p. 91.
[20] 更难以解释的是南部非洲的科伊桑人：‘Rapid Evolution of a Skin-Lightening Allele in Southern African KhoeSan', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 26 Dec. 2018.
[21] 一个“切达人”已经拥有了“深到近乎黑色的皮肤”：‘First Modern Britons Had “Dark to Black” Skin', Guardian,7 Feb. 2018.
[22] 用于进行分析的DNA分解得太厉害：New Scientist, 3 March 2018, p. 12.
[23] 我们其实跟猿类表亲们一样毛发丛生：Jablonski, Skin, p. 19.
[24] 我们估计有500万根毛发：Linden, Touch, p. 216.
[25] 能提供保暖、缓冲和伪装：It provides warmth, cushioning, and camouflage: ‘The Naked Truth', Scientific American, Feb. 2010.
[26] 哺乳动物有毛，使得毛发和皮肤之间增加了一层有用的绝缘空气：Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, p. 157.
[27] 鸡皮疙瘩也能让哺乳动物的毛发直立：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, p. 305.
[28] 但根据遗传学研究，黑暗色素沉着：‘Why Are Humans So Hairy?', New Scientist, 17 Oct. 2017.
[29] 因为它增加了头发表面和头皮之间的空间厚度：Jablonski interview.
[30] 人类似乎并没有信息素：‘Do Human Pheromones Actually Exist?', Science News, 7 March 2017.
[31] 次级毛发是为了展示之用：Bainbridge, Teenagers, pp. 44-45.
[32] 我们每个人一生会长出大约8米的头发：The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, BBC Radio 4, 22 Aug. 2016.
[33] 该系统引入了“面部照片”(mugshot)的概念和做法：Cole, Suspect Identities, p. 49.
[34] 头一个确定指纹独特性：Smith, Body, p. 409.
[35] 它们有助于抓握：Linden, Touch, p. 37.
[36] 为什么我们长时间洗澡时手指会起皱：‘Why Do We Get Prune Fingers?', Smithsonian.com, 6 Aug. 2015.
[37] 这是一种叫作“皮纹病”的状况：‘Adermatoglyphia: The Genetic Disorder of People Born Without Fingerprints', Smithsonian, 14 Jan. 2014.
[38] 大多数四足动物靠喘气来冷却：Daniel E. Lieberman, ‘Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: An Evolutionary Perspective', Comprehensive Physiology 5, no. 1 (Jan. 2015).
[39] 我们大部分体毛的丧失：Jablonski, Living Color, p. 26.
[40] 一个体重70公斤的男子：Stark, Last Breath, pp. 283-285.
[41] 虽然盐只占汗液整体的一小部分：Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, p. 139.
[42] 流汗是由肾上腺素的释放所激活的：同上，p. 122.
[43] 测谎检验就会测量情绪性出汗：Tallis, Kingdom of In?nite Space, p. 23.
[44] 促成汗味的两种化学物质：Bainbridge, Teenagers, p. 48.
[45] 你身上的细菌数量：Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, p. 11.
[46] 要让人的手达到安全清洁的状态：Gawande, Better, pp. 14-15; What Is the Right Way to Wash Your Hands?', Atlantic, 23 Jan. 2017.
[47] 一名志愿者身上居住着一种……微生物：National Geographic News, 14 Nov. 2012.
[48] 抗菌皂的问题在于：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 200.
[49] 它们和我们一起生活的时间很长：David Shultz, ‘What the Mites on Your Face Say About Where You Came From', Science, 14 Dec. 2015, www.sciencemag.org.
[50] 关于抓挠的研究表明：Linden, Touch, p. 185.
[51] 最令人发狂的一种瘙痒形式：同上，pp. 187-189.
[52] 我们每个人的头上都有10万～15万个毛囊：Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, pp. 38-39.
[53] 一种叫作二氢睾酮的激素：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, p. 305.
[54] 考虑到我们有些人是多么容易脱发：Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, p. 42.
第三章 微生物：你和地球都是属于微生物的
[1] 要把氮利用起来：Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, p. 58.
[2] 人类生成20种消化酶：Interview with Professor Christopher Gardner of Stanford University, Palo Alto, 29 Jan. 2018.
[3] 细菌的平均重量是一张美元纸币的万亿分之一：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2014; West, Scale, p. 1.
[4] 但细菌可以在彼此之间交换基因：Crawford, Invisible Enemy, p. 14.
[5] 理论上，单个亲本细菌：Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, p. 114.
[6] 三天之内，它的后代：Maddox, What Remains to Be Discovered, p. 170.
[7] 如果你把地球上所有的微生物放在一堆：Crawford, Invisible Enemy, p. 13.
[8] 很可能就有大约40,000种微生物：‘Learning About Who We Are', Nature, 14 June 2012; ‘Molecular-Phylogenetic Characterization of Microbial Community Imbalances in Human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 Aug. 2007.
[9] 你的私人微生物总重：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 25; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, p. 13.
[10] 2016年，来自以色列和加拿大的研究人员：Nature, 8 June 2016.
[11] 微生物群落可能具有惊人的个体特异性：‘The Inside Story',Nature, 28 May 2008.
[12] 只有1415种微生物会引起人类疾病：Crawford, Invisible Enemy, pp. 15-16; Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, p. 143.
[13] 有必要记住，所有这些微生物在其历史和遗传方面几乎没有任何共同之处：‘The Microbes Within,' Nature, 25 Feb. 2015.
[14] 疱疹病毒已经延续了：‘They Reproduce, but They Don?t Eat, Breathe, or Excrete', London Review of Books, 9 March 2001.
[15] 如果你把一个病毒吹成网球大小：Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, p. 4.
[16] 起初他称这种神秘因子为“传染活液”：Roossinck, Virus, p. 13.
[17] 病毒有数十万种：Economist, 24 June 2017, p. 76.
[18] 当普鲁克特发现……不免令人大感震惊：Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, pp. 42-44.
[19] 光是海洋病毒，如果将它们挨个摆放在一起：Crawford, Deadly Companions, p. 13.
[20] 毫无疑问，感冒在冬天比在夏天更常见：‘Cold Comfort', New Yorker, 11 March 2002, p. 42.
[21] 感冒不是单纯的一种疾病：‘Unraveling the Key to a Cold Virus's Effectiveness', New York Times, 8 Jan. 2015.
[22] 一项实验为一名志愿者的鼻孔安装了一种装置：‘Cold Comfort', p. 45.
[23] 在亚利桑那大学进行的一项类似研究中：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2017, p. 127.
[24] 在现实世界中，这种感染：‘Germs Thrive at Work, Too', Wall Street Journal, 30 Sept. 2014.
[25] 让微生物茁壮成长的地方是座椅的织物：Nature, 25 June 2015, p. 400.
[26] 数十年来都只存在于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的隐球菌：Scientific American, Dec. 2013, p. 47.
[27] 一个有趣的例子：‘Giant Viruses', American Scientist, JulyAug. 2011; Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, pp. 89-91; ‘The Discovery and Characterization of Mimivirus, the Largest Known Virus and Putative Pneumonia Agent', Emerging Infections, 21 May 2007; ‘Ironmonger Who Found a Unique Colony', Daily Telegraph, 15 Oct. 2004; Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 15 Oct. 2014; ‘Out on a Limb’, Nature, 4 Aug. 2011.
[28] 他著名的同事马克斯·冯·佩滕科弗对此心存怀疑，强烈反对：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, p. 179.
[29] 砷凡纳明仅对几种东西(主要是梅毒)有效：Journal of
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71 (2016).
[30] 牛津大学的首席研究员：Lax, Mould in Dr Florey's Coat, pp. 77-79.
[31] 他不像是个能做出任何重大科学发现的人：Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. ‘Chain, Sir Ernst Boris?.
[32] 到1941年初，他们终于有了足够的青霉素：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, pp. 3-12; Economist, 21 May 2016, p. 19.
[33] 实验室助理玛丽·亨特：‘Penicillin Comes to Peoria', Historynet, 2 June 2014.
[34] 自那天以后，人们生产的每一丁点青霉素：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 60; ‘The Real Story Behind Penicillin', PBS NewsHour website, 27 Sept. 2013.
[35] 英国发现者们十分懊恼地发现：Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. ‘Florey, Howard Walter'.
[36] 尽管共同分享了诺贝尔奖，钱恩：Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. ‘Chain, Sir Ernst Boris?.
[37] 对广谱细菌的攻击：New Yorker, 22 Oct.2012, p. 36.
[38] 格兰特最终被送进了耶鲁纽黑文医院：Interview with Michael Kinch, Washington University of St Louis, 18 April 2018.
[39] 治疗70％的急性支气管炎病例都开出了抗生素处方：‘Superbug: An Epidemic Begins’, Harvard Magazine, May-June 2014.
[40] 大多数美国人在不知情的情况下，在饮食中摄入了二手抗生素：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 85; Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, p. 306.
[41] 瑞典于1986年禁止农用抗生素：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 84.
[42] 1977年，美国食品和药物管理局：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, p. 306.
[43] 感染性疾病的死亡率一直在上升：Bakalar, Where the Germs Are, pp. 5-6.
[44] 它们不仅稳扎稳打地变得更具耐药性：‘Don't Pick Your Nose', London Review of Books, July 2004.
[45] 新的耐药形式：‘World Super Germ Born in Guildford', Daily Telegraph, 26 Aug. 2001;‘Squashing Superbugs', Scientific American, July 2009.
[46] 今天，MRSA及近亲：‘A Dearth in Innovation for Key Drugs', New York Times, 22 July 2014.
[47] CRE感染能杀死一半左右的受害者：Nature, 25 July 2013, p. 394. 47 ‘It's just too expensive for them': Kinch interview;‘Resistance Is Futile', Atlantic, 15 Oct. 2011.
[48] 在全世界最大的18家制药公司里，除了两家例外：‘Antibiotic Resistance Is Worrisome, but Not Hopeless', New York Times, 8 March 2016.
[49] 按照目前的传播速度：BBC Inside Science, BBC Radio 4, 9 June2016; Chemistry World, March 2018, p. 51.
[50] 生产出带群体感应的药物：New Scientist, 14 Dec. 2013, p. 36.
[51] 但它们是地球上最丰富的生物粒子：‘Reengineering Life', Discovery, BBC Radio 4, 8 May 2017.
第四章 大脑：你的大脑80%都是水
[1] 大脑的稠度：‘Thanks for the Memory', New York Review of Books, 5 Oct. 2006; Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 211.
[2] 总的来说，人类大脑可以容纳：‘Solving the Brain', Nature Neuroscience, 17 July 2013.
[3] 它只占我们体重的2％：Allen, Lives of the Brain, p. 188.
[4] 大脑是我们所有器官里最为昂贵的：Bribiescas, Men, p. 42.
[5] 大脑最高效的工作方式：Winston, Human Mind, p. 210.
[6] 这个数字似乎应该是86亿：‘Myths That Will Not Die', Nature, 17 Dec. 2015.
[7] 1立方厘米脑组织里：Eagleman, Incognito, p. 2.
[8] 它分为两个半球：Ashcroft, Spark of Life, p. 227; Allen, Lives of the Brain, p. 19.
[9] 颞叶上的六个区域：‘How Your Brain Recognizes All Those Faces', Smithsonian.com, 6 June 2017.
[10] 虽然小脑只占颅腔的10％：Allen, Lives of the Brain, p. 14; Zeman, Consciousness, p. 57; Ashcroft, Spark of Life, pp. 228-229.
[11] 人的衰老快慢速度：‘A Tiny Part of the Brain Appears to Orchestrate the Whole Body's Aging', Stat, July 2017.
[12] 杏仁核遭到破坏的人：O?Sullivan, Brainstorm, p. 91.
[13] 噩梦兴许只是：‘What Are Dreams?', Nova, PBS, 24 Nov. 2009.
[14] 眼睛每秒向大脑发送1000亿个信号：‘Attention', New Yorker, 1 Oct. 2014.
[15] 只有大约10％的信息：Nature, 20 April 2017, p. 296.
[16] 我们有一种无法抵挡的印象：Le Fanu, Why Us', p. 199. 58 implant entirely false memories in people's heads: Guardian, 4 Dec. 2003, p. 8.
[17] 一年后，心理学家向：New Scientist, 14 May 2011, p. 39. 58 The mind breaks each memory: Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, p. 287.
[18] 一个一闪而过的念头：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 183.
[19] 这些记忆碎片：Le Fanu, Why Us', p. 213; Winston, Human Mind, p. 82.
[20] 它更像是维基百科页面：The Why Factor, BBC World Service, 6 Sept. 2013.
[21] 美国都会举办一场全国记忆大赛：Nature, 7 April 2011, p. 33.
[22] 这一设想，主要来自：Draaisma, Forgetting, pp. 163-170; ‘Memory', National Geographic, Nov. 2007.
[23] 我们对记忆的许多认识，来自：‘The Man Who Couldn't Remember', Nova, PBS, 1 June 2009; ‘How Memory Speaks', New York Review of Books, 22 May 2014; New Scientist, 28 Nov. 2015, p. 36.
[24] 神经科学的历史上，还很少有：Nature Neuroscience, Feb. 2010, p. 139.
[25] 却一次次地错过晋升：Neurosurgery, Jan. 2011, pp. 6-11.
[26] 白质和灰质的：Ashcroft, Spark of Life, p. 229.
[27] 人只使用了大脑10％的说法：Scienti?c American, Aug. 2011, p. 35.
[28] 青少年大脑中的神经连接只：‘Get Knitting', London Review of Books, 18 Aug. 2005.
[29] 青少年死亡的主要原因：New Yorker, 31 Aug. 2015, p. 85.
[30] 棘手之处就在于没有确定的方法：‘Human Brains Make New Nerve Cells', Science News, 5 April 2018; All Things Considered transcript, National Public Radio, 17 March 2018.
[31] 剩下1/3的大脑：Le Fanu, Why Us', p. 192.
[32] 如果你要设计一台泵动血液的有机机器：‘The Mystery of Consciousness', New York Review of Books, 2 Nov. 1995.
[33] 19世纪80年代，……通过一系列手术：Dittrich, Patient H.M., p. 79.
[34] 莫尼斯近乎完美地示范了：‘Unkind Cuts', New York Review of Books, 24 April 1986.
[35] 手术非常粗暴：‘The Lobotomy Files: One Doctor's Legacy', Wall Street Journal, 12 Dec. 2013.
[36] 弗里曼是个精神科医生，没有外科手术的施术资质：El-Hai, Lobotomist, p. 209.
[37] 大约2/3并未从中获益：同上，p. 171.
[38] 他最恶名远扬的失败：同上，pp. 173-174.
[39] 大脑严密地被保护性的颅骨包裹着：Sanghavi, Map of the Child, p. 107; Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, pp. 233-235.
[40] 名为对侧外伤损伤：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 217.
[41] 在英国，直到1970年，法令全书中仍将癫痫：Literary Review, Aug. 2016, p. 36.
[42] 癫痫的历史可以概括：British Medical Journal 315 (1997).
[43] 卡普格拉斯综合征的患者：‘Can the Brain Explain Your Mind?', New York Review of Books, 24 March 2011.
[44] 克鲁尔-布西综合征的受害者会产生：‘Urge', New York Review of Books, 24 Sept. 2015.
[45] 最离奇的或许要算是：Sternberg, NeuroLogic, p. 133.
[46] 而闭锁综合征又与上述所有情况完全不同：Owen, Into the Grey Zone, p. 4.
[47] 显然无从得知：‘The Mind Reader', Nature Neuroscience,13 June 2014.
[48] 或许这无非是因为我们的生活方式不像过去那么生猛活跃：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 556; ‘If Modern Humans Are So Smart, Why Are Our Brains Shrinking?', Discover, 20 Jan. 2011.
第五章 头：没有头人能活多久
[1] 苏格兰女王玛丽的头……需要三记大力猛砍：Larson, Severed, p. 13.
[2] 夏洛特·柯尔黛于1793年：同上，p. 246.
[3] 戴维斯太出名了：Australian Indigenous Law Review, no. 92 (2007); New Literatures Review, University of Melbourne, Oct. 2004.
[4] 他确信，人的智力：Anthropological Review, Oct. 1868, pp. 386-394.
[5] 他将之称为“蒙古症”：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, p. 249; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
[6] 斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德(Stephen Jay Gould)在《人的错误量度》(The Mismeasure of Man)中引用过：Gould, Mismeasure of Man, p. 138.
[7] 1861年，他对一位中风患者进行尸检：Le Fanu, Why Us', p. 180;
‘The Inferiority Complex', New York Review of Books, 22 Oct. 1981.
[8] 没有任何两名权威：See McNeill, Face, p. 180; Perrett, In Your Face, p. 21; ‘A Conversation with Paul Ekman', New York Times, 5 Aug. 2003.
[9] 刚从子宫诞生的婴儿：McNeill, Face, p. 4.
[10] 尽管这种变化小到无法被有意识地察觉到：同上，p. 26.
[11] 法国解剖学家杜乡·布伦：New Yorker, 12 Jan. 2015, p. 35.
[12] 人人都有微表情：‘Conversation with Paul Ekman?.
[13] 选择了生动活泼的小眉毛：‘Scientists Have an Intriguing New Theory About Our Eyebrows and Foreheads', Vox, 9 April 2018.
[14] 蒙娜丽莎看起来很神秘的原因之一：Perrett, In Your Face, p. 18.
[15] 外鼻和错综复杂的鼻窦：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 312.
[16] 我们内部有多达33种系统：The Uncommon Senses, BBC Radio 4, 20 March 2017.
[17] 自己的白细胞：‘Blue Sky Sprites', Naked Scientists, podcast,17 May 2016; ‘Evolution of the Human Eye', Scienti?c American, July 2011, p. 53.
[18] 它们的学术名字叫“muscae volitantes”(如果你想向别人炫耀的话)，直译其实就是“飞蚊”：‘Meet the Culprits Behind Bright Lights and Strange Floaters in Your Vision', Smithsonian.com, 24 Dec. 2014.
[19] 如果你手拿一颗人类眼球：McNeill, Face, p. 24.
[20] 在大众意识里赢得所有功劳的晶状体：Davies, Life Unfolding, p. 231.
[21] 眼泪不仅可以保持眼睑的流畅滑动：Lutz, Crying, pp. 67-68.
[22] 你每天会产生5～10盎司的眼泪：同上，p. 69.
[23] 眼白的正式名称叫巩膜：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 388.
[24] 他们的主要问题还不在于世界黯淡苍白：‘Outcasts of the Islands', New York Review of Books, 6 March 1997.
[25] 很久以后，灵长类动物重新演化出了：National Geographic, Feb. 2016, p. 56.
[26] 眼睛的运动叫作扫视：New Scientist, 14 May 2011, p. 356; Eagleman, Brain, p. 60.
[27] 维多利亚时代的自然主义者有时会将此视为：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, p. 82; Roberts, Incredible Unlikeliness of Being, p. 114; Eagleman, Incognito, p. 32.
[28] 它们是我们古代祖先的下颌骨骼：Shubin, Your Inner Fish, pp. 160-162.
[29] 压力波哪怕只将鼓膜震动了：Goldsmith, Discord, pp. 6-7.
[30] 从可觉察的最安静声音，到最响亮的声音：同上，p. 161.
[31] 这意味着，所有声波：Bathurst, Sound, pp. 28-29.
[32] 这个词是由英国邮政总局的托马斯·富勤·珀沃斯上校创造的：同上，p. 124.
[33] 当我们从旋转木马上跳下来时，会感到头晕：Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, p. 110.
[34] 如果长时间或严重地失去平衡：Francis, Adventures in Human Being, p. 63.
[35] 30岁以下的年轻人，有一半：‘World Without Scent', Atlantic,12 Sept. 2015.
[36] 嗅觉是一门孤儿科学：Interview with Gary Beauchamp, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, 2016.
[37] 受体是被共振所激活的：Al-Khalili and McFadden, Life on the Edge, pp. 158-159.
[38] 香蕉包含了300种挥发物：Shepherd, Neurogastronomy, pp. 34-37.
[39] 西红柿有400种：Gilbert, What the Nose Knows, p. 45.
[40] 烤焦的杏仁味：Brooks, At the Edge of Uncertainty, p. 149.
[41] 甘草的气味：‘Secret of Liquorice Smell Unravelled', Chemistry World, Jan. 2017.
[42] 1927年由波士顿的两位化学工程师首次提出的：Holmes, Flavor, p. 49.
[43] 2014年，巴黎第六大学以及纽约洛克菲勒大学的研究人员：Science, 21 March 2014.
[44] 这些说法没有依据：‘Snif?ng Out Answers: A Conversation with Markus Meister', Caltech press release, 8 July 2015. (https://www.caltech.edu/ about/news/sniffing-out-answers-conversationmarkus-meister-47229).
[45] 某些气味能强烈唤起记忆：Monell website, ‘Olfaction Primer: How Smell Works?.
[46] 加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的研究人员：‘Mechanisms of Scent Tracking in Humans', Nature, 4 Jan. 2007.
[47] 15种气味，对其中的5种：Holmes, Flavor, p. 63.
[48] 婴儿和母亲同样很擅长：Gilbert, What the Nose Knows, p. 63.
[49] 阿尔茨海默病的早期症状之一：Platoni, We Have the Technology, p. 39.
[50] 90%再也未能恢复：Blodgett, Remembering Smell, p. 19.
第六章 嘴：人是最容易被噎死的动物
[1] 玩耍当中：‘Pro?les', New Yorker, 9 Sept. 1953; Vaughan, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, pp. 196-197.
[2] 他就头一个提出假设：Birkhead, Most Perfect Thing, p. 150.
[3] 解剖学家在说到：Collis, Living with a Stranger, p. 20.
[4] 哽噎窒息也是今天美国第四大意外死亡的常见原因：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 297.
[5] 亨利·海姆立克是个有着表演天赋的人：‘The Choke Artist', New Republic, 23 April 2007; New York Times obituary, 23 April 2007.
[6] 2374种误入气管难以消化的异物：Cappello, Swallow, pp. 4-6; New York Times, 11 Jan. 2011.
[7] 杰克逊都是个孤零零的冷酷男子：Annals of Thoracic Surgery 57 (1994), pp. 502-505.
[8] 一名典型的成年人，每天分泌：‘Gut Health May Begin in the Mouth', Harvard Magazine, 20 Oct. 2017.
[9] 我们一生中分泌大约30,000升唾液：Tallis, Kingdom of Infinite Space, p. 25.
[10] 一种叫作“唾液镇痛剂”(opiorphin)的强效止痛药：‘Natural Painkiller Found in Human Spit', Nature, 13 Nov. 2006.
[11] 我们睡觉时产生的唾液很少：Enders, Gut, p. 22.
[12] 多达150种不同的化合物：Scienti?c American, May 2013, p. 20.
[13] 大约1000种细菌：同上。
[14] 道森的研究小组发现，吹蛋糕蜡烛：Clemson University press release, ‘A True Food Myth Buster', 13 Dec. 2011.
[15] 牙齿被称为“现成的化石”：Ungar, Evolution's Bite, p. 5.
[16] 一名典型成年男性：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 226.
[17] 它们有着最强的再生能力：New Scientist, 16 March 2013, p. 45.
[18] 可追溯回……一本教科书：Nature, 21 June 2012, p. S2.
[19] 身体在肠道和喉咙里有跟嘴里一样的味觉受体：Roach, Gulp, p. 46.
[20] 也发现了味觉受体：New Scientist, 8 Aug. 2015, pp. 40-41.
[21] 含有一种叫作河豚毒素的毒药：Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, p. 54; ‘Last Supper?', Guardian, 5 Aug. 2016.
[22] 英国作家尼古拉斯·埃文斯：‘I Wanted to Die. It Was So Grim', Daily Telegraph, 2 Aug. 2011.
[23] 我们有大约10,000个味觉受体：‘A Matter of Taste?', Chemistry World, Feb. 2017; Holmes, Flavor, p. 83; ‘Fire-Eaters', New Yorker, 4 Nov. 2013.
[24] 有一种经纯化的摩洛哥种大戟科植物：Holmes, Flavor, p. 85.
[25] 大量食用辣椒素的中国成年人：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2016, p. 47.
[26] 一些权威人士认为：New Scientist, 8 Aug. 2015, pp. 40-41.
[27] 如今，味之素早已成为行业巨头：Mouritsen and Styrbk, Umami, p. 28.
[28] 据说，气味至少占滋味：Holmes, Flavor, p. 21.
[29] 学生无一例外地为两种葡萄酒列出了：BMC Neuroscience, 18 Sept. 2007.
[30] 如果一种橙汁饮料是红色：Scienti?c American, Jan. 2013, p. 69.
[31] 存在更广泛的争议：Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, p. 315.
[32] 它内部和周围有9根软骨：同上，p. 284.
[33] 19世纪德国最杰出的一位外科医生约翰·迪芬巴赫：‘The Paralysis of Stuttering', New York Review of Books, 26 April 2012.
第七章 心脏和血液：你分不分手和心脏可没有半点关系
[1] “停了”：引自‘In the Hands of Any Fool', London Review of Books, 3 July 1997.
[2] 这个符号最初是在：Peto, Heart, p. 30.
[3] 你的心脏每小时派送：Nuland, How We Die, p. 22.
[4] 据计算：Morris, Bodywatching, p. 11.
[5] 在心脏泵出的所有血液里：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, pp. 88-89.
[6] 每当你站起身：The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, BBC Radio 4, 13 Sept. 2016.
[7] 早期有关血压的很多研究：Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, p. 116; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. ‘Hales, Stephen?.
[8] 进入20世纪很久以后：‘Why So Many of Us Die of Heart Disease', Atlantic, 6 March 2018.
[9] 2017年，美国心脏协会：‘New Blood Pressure Guidelines Put Half of US Adults in Unhealthy Range', Science News, 13 Nov. 2017.
[10] 至少有5000万美国人：Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, p. 227.
[11] 仅在美国：Health, United States, 2016, DHSS Publication No. 2017-1232, May 2017.
[12] 心脏病发作和心脏骤停：Wolpert, You?re Looking Very Well, p. 18; ‘Don?t Try This at Home', London Review of Books, 29 Aug. 2013.
[13] 大约1/4的受害者：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2017, p. 240.
[14] 女性比男性更容易出现：Brooks, At the Edge of Uncertainty, pp. 104-105.
[15] 东南亚的赫蒙族人：Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, pp. 191-192.
[16] 肥厚性心肌病症是：‘When Genetic Autopsies Go Awry', Atlantic, 11 Oct. 2016.
[17] 触发公众意识的事件：Pearson, Life Project, pp. 101-103.
[18] 弗雷明汉研究项目招募了5000名本地成年人：同上，framinghamheartstudy.org.
[19] 就把导管插入了自己手臂的动脉：Nourse, Body, p. 85.
[20] 制造一台能人工给血液充氧的机器：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, p. 95; National Academy of Sciences, biographical memoir by Harris B. Schumacher Jr, Washington, DC, 1982.
[21] 1958年，瑞典工程师儒尼·艾尔姆奎斯特：Ashcroft, Spark of Life, pp. 152-153.
[22] 2000年，法瓦洛罗自杀身亡：New York Times obituary, 21 Aug. 2000; ‘Interview: Dr. Steven E. Nissen', Take One Step, PBS, Aug. 2006, www.pbs.org.
[23] 为了摘下一颗还在跳动的心脏：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Oct. 2017, p. 476.
[24] 弗雷的样本中含有一种真菌多孔木霉：同上，p. 247.
[25] 成功率达到了80％：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, p. 102.
[26] 今天，全球每年要进行4000～5000次心脏移植手术：Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, pp. 198-199.
[27] 这名年轻女子的父母认为：Economist, 28 April 2018, p. 56.
[28] 每年因心脏病而死的美国人，跟……一样多： Kinch, Prescription for Change, p. 112.
[29] 到2000年，美国每年要进行100万例预防性球囊成形术：Welch, Less Medicine, More Health, pp. 34-36.
[30] 这就是美式医疗最糟糕的地方：同上，p. 38.
[31] 一个刚出生的婴儿只含有大约半品脱血液：Collis, Living with a Stranger, p. 28.
[32] 人体的血管共有约25,000英里长：Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, p. 58.
[33] 一滴血：Hill, Blood, pp. 14-15.
[34] 在美国，血浆销售：Economist, 12 May 2018, p. 12.
[35] 血红蛋白有一种奇怪且危险的癖好：Annals of Medicine, New Yorker, 31 Jan. 1970.
[36] 每一颗红细胞都将在你身体里穿梭：Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, p. 85.
[37] 在严重的出血中：Miller, Body in Question, pp. 121-122.
[38] 还在免疫反应和组织再生中发挥着重要作用：Nature, 28 Sept.
2017, p. S 13.
[39] 几乎所有哈维的同行都认为：Zimmer, Soul Made Flesh, p. 74.
[40] 哈维不理解呼吸作用，所以无法解释血液的用途，以及它为什么要流动：Wootton, Bad Medicine, pp. 95-98.
[41] 罗尔……便将大约半品脱活羊的鲜血，输入了：‘An Account of the Experiment of Transfusion, Practised upon a Man in London', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 9 Dec. 1667.
[42] 让血液冷却散发：Zimmer, Soul Made Flesh, p. 152.
[43] 我观察到，放血最多的人恢复得也最快：‘Politics of Yellow Fever in Alexander Hamilton's America', US National Library of Medicine, undated. (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/politicsofyellowfever/ collection-transcript14.html).
[44] 威廉·奥斯勒……是……教科书《医学原理与实践》的作者：
‘An Autopsy of Dr. Osler', New York Review of Books, 25 May 2000.
[45] 虽说所有人都把最后一组读成：Nourse, Body, p. 184.
[46] 抗原总共有400多种：Sanghavi, Map of the Child, p. 64.
[47] “血液是一种活组织”：Dr Allan Doctor interview, Oxford, 18 Sept. 2018.
[48] 50多年来：‘The Quest for One of Science's Holy Grails: Arti?cial Blood', Stat, 27 Feb. 2017; ‘Red Blood Cell Substitutes', Chemistry World, 16 Feb. 2018.
[49] 节省了160万美元的成本：‘Save Blood, Save Lives', Nature, 2 April 2015.
第八章 化学部门：三个月还你一个新的肝
[1] 有个12岁的男孩饿得太厉害了：Bliss, Discovery of Insulin, p. 37.
[2] 构思有误、执行有误、阐释有误：同上，pp. 12-13.
[3] 《发现胰岛素》：‘The Pissing Evile', London Review of Books, 1 Dec. 1983.
[4] 患者的肠道微生物不平衡：‘Cause and Effect', Nature, 17 May 2012.
[5] 从1980年到2014年……成年人数量：Nature, 26 May 2016, p. 460.
[6] 这意味着胰岛素水平：‘The Edmonton Protocol', New Yorker, 10 Feb. 2003.
[7] 我爱激素：Interviews with Dr John Wass, Oxford, 21 March and 17 Sept. 2018.
[8] 斯塔林……创造出“hormone”：Sengoopta, Most Secret Quintessence of Life, p. 4.
[9] 历史上最著名的受害者是：Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1 Dec. 2006, pp. 4849-4853; ‘The Medical Ordeals of JFK', Atlantic, Dec. 2002.
[10] 在给人类施用催产素的临床测试中：Nature, 25 June 2015, pp. 410-412.
[11] 或许没人比：Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, London, Nov. 1998; New York Times obituary, 19 Jan. 1995.
[12] 睾酮到底怎样缩短了男性的生命：Bribiescas, Men, p. 202.
[13] 大量的证据表明它：New Scientist, 16 May 2015, p. 32.
[14] 非酒精性脂肪性肝病：Nature, 23 Nov. 2017, p. S85; Annals of Internal Medicine, 6 Nov. 2018.
[15] 它们每天处理大约180升水：Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, p. 60.
[16] 随着年龄的增加，**会失去弹性：Nuland, How We Die, p. 55.
[17] 尿液世界同样存在微生物：Nature, 9 Nov. 2017, p. S40.
[18] 历史上最著名的碎石术：Tomalin, Samuel Pepys, pp. 60-65.
[19] 佩皮斯一直……纪念自己的幸存日：‘Samuel Pepys and His Stones', Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons 59 (1977).
第九章 解剖和骨骼：三块肌肉造就人类文明
[1] 你来感受一下。本·奥利维尔医生对我说：Dr Ben Ollivere interview, Nottingham, 23-24 June 2017.
[2] 美国爆发了一件小小的丑闻：‘Yale Students and Dental Professor Took Sel?e with Severed Heads', Guardian, 5 Feb. 2018.
[3] 伟大的解剖学家安德烈·维萨里：Wootton, Bad Medicine, p. 74.
[4] 在英格兰，威廉·哈维：Larson, Severed, p. 217.
[5] 法罗皮奥和罪犯一起：Wootton, Bad Medicine, p. 91.
[6] 他的所有插图都必须：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Oct. 2009, pp. 342-345.
[7] 经常运动为什么有助于避免阿尔茨海默病：‘Do Our Bones In?uence Our Minds?', New Yorker, 1 Nov. 2013.
[8] 让人站起来只需要100块肌肉：Collis, Living with a Stranger, p. 56.
[9] 美国国家航空航天局的研究表明：NASA information sheet,
‘Muscle Atrophy?.
[10] 查尔斯·贝尔爵士：Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v.
‘Bell, Sir Charles?.
[11] 我们的拇指里有：Roberts, Incredible Unlikeliness of Being, pp. 333-335.
[12] 我们的大部分认识来自：Francis, Adventures in Human Being,pp. 126-127.
[13] 人类的步行速度平均为：‘Gait Analysis: Principles and Applications', American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Oct. 1995.
[14] 鸵鸟为了解决这个问题：Taylor, Body by Darwin, p. 85.
[15] 年仅18岁：Medawar, Uniqueness of the Individual, p. 109.
[16] 60％的成年人：Wall, Pain, pp. 100-101.
[17] 外科医生每年要进行超过80万例关节置换手术：‘The Coming Revolution in Knee Repair', Scienti?c American, March 2015.
[18] 几乎没有人听说过查恩利：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, pp. 104-108.
[19] 3/4的男性和一半的女性：Wolpert, You?re Looking Very Well, p. 21.
第十章 为什么只有人选择了直立行走
[1] 2016年，得克萨斯大学的人类学家：‘Perimortem Fractures in Lucy Suggest Mortality from Fall Out of Tall Tree', Nature, 22 Sept. 2016.
[2] 黑猩猩使用的能量比人类使用的多四倍：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 42.
[3] 化石证据表明，早期人类：‘The Evolution of Marathon Running', Sports Medicine 37, no. 4-5 (2007); ‘Elastic Energy Storage in the Shoulder and the Evolution of High-Speed Throwing inHomo', Nature, 27 June 2013.
[4] 杰里米·莫里斯确信：Jeremy Morris obituary, New York Times, 7 Nov. 2009.
[5] 经常散步可将心脏病发作或中风的风险降低：New Yorker, 20 May 2013, p. 46.
[6] 每天活动一小时或更长时间：Scientific American, Aug. 2013, p.71; ‘Is Exercise Really Medicine? An Evolutionary Perspective', Current Sports Medicine Reports, July-Aug. 2015.
[7] 每天都走上1万步：‘Watch Your Step', Guardian, 3 Sept. 2018. 180 Only about 20 per cent of people: ‘Is Exercise Really Medicine??
[8] 如今，美国人平均每天步行：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, pp. 217-218.
[9] 有些员工据说会把：Economist, 5 Jan. 2019, p. 50.
[10] 相比之下……现代狩猎采集部落里的人：‘Is Exercise Really Medicine??
[11] 如果你想理解人体：Lieberman interview.
[12] 如果世界上的其他所有人：‘Eating Disorder', Economist, 19 June 2012.
[13] 一个健美运动员和一个“沙发土豆”：‘The Fat Advantage', Nature, 15 Sept. 2016.
[14] 美国女性的平均体重：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2016.
[15] 如今超过一半的儿童：‘Interest in Ketogenic Diet Grows for Weight Loss and Type 2 Diabetes', Journal of the American Medical Association, 16 Jan. 2018.
[16] 当前一代的年轻人：Zuk, Paleofantasy, p. 5.
[17] 英国人的肥胖率仅次于：Economist, 31 March 2018, p. 30.
[18] 全球肥胖率为13%：Economist, 6 Jan. 2018, p. 20.
[19] 根据一项计算……你必须步行：‘The Bears Best Friend', New York Review of Books, 12 May 2016.
[20] 人们对自己在锻炼中消耗的热量高估了：‘Exercise in Futility', Atlantic, April 2016.
[21] 工厂工人：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 217.
[22] 经常坐着的人：‘Are You Sitting Comfortably? Well, Don?t', New Scientist, 26 June 2013.
[23] 只要你一个晚上：‘Our Amazingly Plastic Brains', Wall Street Journal, 6 Feb. 2015; ‘The Futility of the Workout-Sit Cycle', Atlantic, 16 Aug. 2016.
[24] 肥胖专家詹姆斯·列文：‘Killer Chairs: How Desk Jobs Ruin Your Health', Scienti?c American, Nov. 2014.
[25] 只是站立，每小时也会多燃烧107卡路里：New Scientist, 25 Aug. 2012, p. 41.
[26] 一派胡言：‘The Big Fat Truth', Nature, 23 May 2013.
第十一章 体内平衡：发烧是你的身体在自救
[1] 小动物产生热量：Blumberg, Body Heat, pp. 35-38.
[2] 动物有一个奇怪的共同点：West, Scale, p. 197.
[3] 典型的哺乳动物……30倍：Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, p. 179.
[4] 稍微偏离上一两摄氏度：Blumberg, Body Heat, p. 206.
[5] 这一实验在很大程度上让人回想起：Royal Society, ‘Experiments and Observations in an Heated Room by Charles Blagden, 1774?.
[6] 奇怪的是，没有人知道为什么会这样：Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, pp. 133-134; Blumberg, Body Heat, pp. 146-147.
[7] 体温仅升高1℃左右：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 113.
[8] 顺便提一句，有一种看法说，我们的大部分热量是通过：‘Myth: We Lose Most Heat from Our Heads', Naked Scientists podcast, 24 Oct. 2016.
[9] 创造这个词的是：Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5, no. 15 (Feb. 1947): pp. 407-423; American National Biography,s.v. ‘Cannon, Walter Bradford?.
[10] 就伏都教风俗写了一篇……论文：‘?Voodooせ Death', American Anthropologist, April-June 1942.
[11]每一天，你都产生和使用：West, Scale, p. 100.
[12] 你体内都只有60克ATP：Lane, Vital Question, p. 63.
[13] 发现答案的人：Biographical Memoirs, Royal Society, London.
[14] 我是你第一个老婆：Biochemistry and Biology Molecular Education 32, no. 1 (2004): pp. 62-66.
[15] 身高只有你一半的孩子：‘Size and Shape', Natural History, Jan. 1974.
[16] 第二次世界大战中英国飞行员：‘The Indestructible Alkemade', RAF Museum website, posted 24 Dec. 2014.
[17] 一个蹒跚学步的小孩子艾丽卡·诺德比：Edmonton Sun, 28 Aug. 2014.
[18] 1998年至2018年8月期间，美国有近800名儿童：Full details can be found at the website noheatstroke.org.
[19] 全世界海拔最高的永久性居住点：Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, p. 8.
[20] 丹增·诺尔盖和雷蒙德·兰伯特：同上，p. 26.
[21] 在海平面，红细胞大约占据了40%的血**积：同上，p. 341.
[22] 阿什克罗夫特提到过一名飞行员的例子：同上，p. 19.
[23] 纳粹德国曾对健康的囚犯：Annas and Grodin, Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, pp. 25-26.
[24] 在一项典型的实验中：Williams and Wallace, Unit 731, p. 42.
[25] 一些人甚至在清醒时惨遭解剖：‘Blood and Money', New York Review of Books, 4 Feb. 1999.
[26] 如果需要孕妇或小孩做实验：Lax, Toxin, p. 123.
[27] 东京庆应义塾大学的一名学生：Williams and Wallace, Unit 731.
第十二章 免疫：发炎是免疫系统战斗后的痕迹
[1] 我们体内大约有300种不同类型的免疫细胞在运转：‘Ambitious Human Cell Atlas Aims to Catalog Every Type of Cell in the Body', National Public Radio, 13 Aug. 2018.
[2] 皮肤中的树突状细胞：Interview with Professor Daniel Davis, University of Manchester, 30 Nov. 2018.
[3] 要是你压力过大或者疲惫不堪：‘Department of Defense', New York Review of Books, 8 Oct. 1987.
[4] 总共约有5%的人患有：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 149.
[5] 整个身体里最聪明的小细胞：Bainbridge, Visitor Within, p. 185.
[6] 胸腺是T细胞的苗圃：Davis, Compatibility Gene, p. 38.
[7] 最后一个确认人体器官功能的人：Lancet, 8 Oct. 2011, p. 1290.
[8] 错误的发炎：‘In?amed', New Yorker, 30 Nov. 2015.
[9] 免疫系统会变得发狂：Kinch interview.
[10] “活泼、善于交际、温文尔雅、长于交谈”：‘High on Science', New York Review of Books, 16 Aug. 1990.
[11] 临**的良好意愿：Medawar, Uniqueness of the Individual, p. 132.
[12] 年仅23岁的理查德·赫里克：Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, pp. 121-123; ‘A Transplant Makes History', Harvard Gazette, 22 Sept. 2011.
[13] 截至2018年底，美国有11.4万人：‘The Disturbing Reason Behind the Spike in Organ Donations', Washington Post, 17 April 2018.
[14] 接受透析治疗的人平均能多活8年：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2014.
[15] 使用动物移植：‘Genetically Engineering Pigs to Grow Organs for People', Atlantic, 10 Aug. 2017.
[16] 人类总共存在大约50种自身免疫性疾病：Davis, Beautiful Cure, p. 149.
[17] 1932年，纽约内科医生……在此之前：Blaser, Missing Microbes, p. 177.
[18] 利伯曼认为，过度使用抗生素：Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, p. 178.
[19] 自身免疫性疾病性别歧视严重：Bainbridge, X in Sex, p. 157; Martin,
Sickening Mind, p. 72.
|[20] 这个词第一次出现在英语：Oxford English Dictionary.
|[21] 大约50%的人声称：‘Skin: Into the Breach', Nature, 23 Nov. 2011.
[22] 飞机上的一名儿童：Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, p. 174.
[23] 美国国家过敏症和传染病研究所：‘Feed Your Kids Peanuts, Early and Often, New Guidelines Urge', New York Times, 5 Jan. 2017.
[24] 著名的“卫生假说”：‘Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West',
Nature, 24 Nov. 2011; Yong, I Contain Multitudes, p. 122; ‘Eat
Dirt?', Natural History, n.d.
第十三章 肺和呼吸：你呼出的氧分子将永垂不朽
[1] 你的每一次呼吸，会呼出：Chemistry World, Feb. 2018, p. 66.
[2] 20%的抗生素处方：Scienti?c American, Feb. 2016, p. 32.
[3] 喷嚏沫可以飞出8米远：‘Where Sneezes Go', Nature, 2 June 2016;
‘Why Do We Sneeze?', Smithsonian, 29 Dec. 2015.
[4] 我们的肺可以容纳大约6升空气：‘Breathe Deep', Scientific American, Aug. 2012.
[5] 一个普通身材的成年人：West, Scale, p. 152.
[6] 在开启信件之前：Carter, Marcel Proust, p. 72.
[7] 无论身在何处：同上，p. 224.
[8] 它是英国儿童死亡的第四大原因：Jackson, Asthma, p. 159.
[9] 例如，日本的哮喘发病率并未出现大幅上升：‘Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West', Nature, 24 Nov. 2011.
[10] 你或许以为，哮喘是：Interview with Professor Neil Pearce, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 28 Nov. 2018.
[11] 哮喘发作时，呼吸道变窄：‘Asthma: Breathing New Life into Research', Nature, 24 Nov. 2011.
[12] 西方生活方式到底怎样引发了哮喘：‘Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West?; ‘Asthma and the Westernization ?Packageせ', International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (2002), pp. 1098-102.
[13] 我们现在的这群孩子：‘Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West', Nature, 24 Nov. 2011.
[14] 经常吸烟的人：‘Getting Away with Murder', New York Review of Books, 19 July 2007.
[15] 英国卫生部长伊恩·麦克劳德：Wootton, Bad Medicine, p. 263.
[16] 没有人确定香烟的烟雾：‘Getting Away with Murder?.
[17] 美国成年人平均：‘A Reporter at Large', New Yorker, 30 Nov. 1963.
[18] 吸烟数量：Smith, Body, p. 329.
[19] 一位董事会成员：‘Cancer: Malignant Maneuvers', New York Review of Books, 6 March 2008.
[20] 迟至1973年，《自然》杂志还曾发表编辑文章：‘Get the Placentas', London Review of Books, 2 June 2016.
[21] 打嗝的世界纪录：Sioux City Journal, 4 Jan. 2015.
第十四章 食物：熟食给了人类更大的大脑和更多的时间
[1] 今天的美国人比1970年多摄入大约25%的卡路里：Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2017, p. 134.
[2] 卡路里测量之父：American National Biography, s.v. ‘Atwater, Wilbur Olin?; USDA Agricultural Research Service website; Wesleyan University website.
[3] 我们应该多吃肉：McGee, On Food and Cooking, p. 534.
[4] 你吃了包含170卡路里的杏仁：‘Everything You Know About Calories Is Wrong', Scienti?c American, Sept. 2013.
[5] 你不可能拥有体积庞大的大脑：Interview with Professor Daniel Lieberman, London, 22 Oct. 2018.
[6] 想象的臆造：Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, p. 170.
[7] 这样一篇糟糕的论文：‘Nutrition: Vitamins on Trial', Nature, 25 June 2014.
[8] 美国人有多达：‘How Did We Get Hooked on Vitamins?', The Inquiry, BBC World Service, 31 Dec. 2018.
[9] 他每天服用4万毫克的维生素C：‘The Dark Side of Linus Pauling's Legacy', quackwatch.org, 14 Sept. 2014.
[10] 蛋白质是复杂分子：Smith, Body, p. 429.
[11] 为什么演化只让我们与这么少量的氨基酸结合：Challoner, Cell, p. 38.
[12] 世界上大多数传统饮食：McGee, On Food and Cooking, p. 534.
[13] 饮食中几乎所有的碳水化合物：同上，p. 803.