1.不定代词one,every,each,everybody,everyone,no one,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,anybody,anyone等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。如:
Each of the students has a dictionary.每位学生都有本字典。
Someone has phoned me this morning.今天上午有人给我打电话了。
2.在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。如:
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.
许多学生晚饭后常在校园散步。
More than one student has failed the exam.
不只一个学生考试不及格。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
60%以上的学生来自城市。
3.当主语表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。如:
The Arabian Night tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore.
《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs.
联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。
4.表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意义是指“有多少数量”)如:
Six thousand dollars is big sum.六千美元是一笔巨款。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one’s life.
二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
5.一些集体名词,如mankind(人类),furniture(家具),foliage(叶子总称),equipment(设备),clothing(衣服),machinery(机械),merchandise(货物),通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。如:
The merchandise has arrived undamaged.货物已安全运到。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
这个工厂里所有的机器都是中国制造的。
6.有些集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience(观众),crew(全体船员或机组人员),crowd,class,company,committee(委员会),government(政府),public(公众),team等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该集体。如:
His family is going to move to a rural country.他全家就要搬去农村了。
His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
The class consists of fifteen boys and ten girls.
这个班由15个男生和10个女生组成。
The class don’t understand what the teacher is saying.
班里学生听不懂老师讲的话。
注意:但集体名词people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
如:Domestic cattle provide us with milk,beef,and hides.
家牛能给我们提供牛奶,牛肉和皮革。
The police are questioning everyone in the house.
警察正在盘问房间里的每一个人。
7.以s结尾的由两个部分组成的物体名词,如glasses(眼镜),trousers(裤子),shorts(短裤),shoes(鞋),gloves(手套),scissors(剪刀),jeans(牛仔裤),chopsticks(筷子),pajamas(睡衣),等,如果前面不带“一把”、“一副”“一条”等单位词,单独使用,通常作复数,谓语动词也用复数。如:
Jeans are in fashion at the moment.现在牛仔裤很流行。
注意:
(1)如果有单位词,则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式。如:
One pair of scissors is not enough.一把剪刀不够。
There are two pairs of pajamas in the bed.**有两套睡衣。
(2)英语中还有一些这样的词,如arms(武器),clothes(衣服),goods(货物),stairs(楼梯),fireworks(烟火),suburbs(郊区),thanks(谢意),contents(内容),wages(工资),times(时代),savings(储蓄),findings(调查结果),earnings(薪水),greens(蔬菜),papers(论文)等,通常作复数。如:
The contents of this book are most fascinating.这本书的内容很吸引人。
The goods were found to be defective.发现这些商品有缺陷。
(3)有些以s结尾的学科名词,体育运动名词,疾病名词,谓语动词一般用单数。如:
Physics is an important subject in middle schools.
在中学物理是一门很重要的课程。
Gymnastics looks difficult,and it is.体操看起来很难,实际上也是如此。
8.不定式、动名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。如:
Reading often means learning.读书常意味着学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
9.either,neither 后的of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:
Neither of my sisters likes sports.我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Either of the roads was/were equally dangerous.
两条路中的任何一条都是同样的危险。
10.“分数或百分数+名词”以及“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,half of,the rest of+名词”作主语时,谓语由所跟名词的情况而定。如:
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off.昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
地球表面四分之三被水覆盖。
11.a portion,a series of,a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of+名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。如:
A substantial portion of the reports is missing.
这些报告都没有提及实质问题。
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.
这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。
注意:但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时of词组中的名词又是复数,动词要用复数。
These kind of men annoy me.这种人令我生厌。
Those type of machines are up to date.那些类型的机器是最新的。
12.形容词前加定冠词即“the+形容词”作主语时,谓语通常用复数;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个人或是抽象概念,则用单数。如:
The departed was a well-known engineer.去世的人是位有名的工程师。
The true is to be distinguished from the false.
真假必须辨明。(抽象的概念,看成单数)