专项练习(1 / 1)

1.Saying always has less difficulty than______.

A.done B.doing C.to do D.having done

2.______the same mistake again made his parents very angry.

A.His being made B.He has made

C.He had making D.His making

3.The thief entered the room without______.

A.noticing B.being noticed

C.having noticed D.having been noticed

4.Would you mind______quiet for a moment?I’m trying______a form.

A.keeping;filling out B.to keep;to fill out

C.keeping;to fill out D.to keep;filling out

5.She says she doesn’t feel like______out with you.

A.going B.to go C.for going D.went

6.He apologized for______.

A.his not being able to come B.his being not able to come

C.his being able not to come D.him not being able to come

7.Only______English doesn’t mean______the language.

A.to learn;to learn B.learning;learning

C.learning about;learn D.learning about;learning

8.You must do something to prevent your house______.

A.to be broken in B.from being broken in

C.to break in D.from breaking in

9.I still remember______to my hometown when I was young.

A.taking B.taken C.being taken D.to take

10.It’s no use______so much money on clothes.

A.spend B.spent C.spending D.being spent

11.I delayed______your letter because I had been away for a week.

A.answer B.answering C.writing D.to post

12.I searched for my wallet and it wasn’t there.At first,I thought I______it at home.Then I remembered______it out to pay for the taxi.

A.must have left;to take B.may leave;taking

C.might leave;to take D.could have left;taking

13.She decided to devote herself______the problem of old age.

A.to study B.studying C.to studying D.study

14.Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble______your handwriting.

A.to read B.to see C.reading D.in seeing

15.I don’t see how I could possibly manage______the work without______.

A.finish;helping B.to finish;being helped

C.finishing;helping D.finishing;being helped

16.The editorial______now will appear in tomorrow’s newspaper.

A.writing B.to write C.being written D.write

17.The sentence needs______.

A.improve B.an improvement C.improving D.improved

18.No one enjoys______at.

A.laughing B.to laugh C.being laughed D.to be laughed

19.The young trees we planted last week require______with great care.

A.looking after B.to look after

C.to be looked after D.taken good care of

20.Anything worth______is worthy of______well.

A.doing;being done B.doing;doing

C.to be done;to be done D.to be done;being done

参考答案:

1-5 BDBCA 6-10 ADBCC 11-15 BDCCB 16-20 CCCAA

(三)分词

分词是非谓语动词的又一种形式,分为现在分词(Present Participle)和过去分词(Past Participle),现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动,两者都主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中可以作定语、表语、状语、同位语、独立成分、宾语补足语和主语补足语等。分词还保留有动词的特点,其后可以带有状语,构成短语。其否定形式为not+分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式:一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having+过去分词)用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作,两者都各自有其被动形式。过去分词没有时态和语态的变化,只有一种形式。及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成的含义;不及物动词的过去分词表示完成的含义。

1.现在分词

(1)现在分词基本用法

1)构成句子时态:现在进行时

Those boys are running around the playground.

那些男孩在绕着操场跑步。

Tom is doing his homework,while his sister,Lily,is watching TV.

汤姆在写作业,而他的妹妹莉莉却在看电视。

2)作表语

现在分词作表语通常可以被看作形容词,表示主语的性质、特点和所处的状态,而且主语多为物。常见的词有:alarming,amusing,astonishing,charming,confusing,daring,demanding,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,exciting,grasping,interesting,inviting,misleading,pleasing,promising,refreshing,revealing,shocking,striking,surprising,terrifying,tiring,worrying.如:

The film“Pearl Harbor” is really exciting.

《珍珠港》这部电影真是激动人心。

He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。

注意:现在分词作表语要与其构成一般进行时区别开来,进行时态的分词表示主语正在进行的动作,主语是人是物皆可,其构成形式即为 be+doing。作表语的分词表示主语的特征和状态,构成可以由be动词,也可以由其他系动词如remain,keep,look,seem,sound等,主语一般不为人。如:

His words sounds encouraging.(作表语)

他的话听起来鼓舞人心。

He is encouraging people to see the match.(现在进行时)

他正在鼓励人们去看这场比赛。

3)作状语

现在分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词作状语时,表示正在进行的或主动的动作,此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。

①作时间状语

a.分词动作一发生,谓语动作紧跟着发生,这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语,其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词:hear,see,arrive,return,get to,look,open,close,leave,turn around,walk等,表示一个极短暂动作。此种情况可以换作on+动名词,表示相同的意思。译作“一(刚)……就……”。如:

Seeing the movie star,all the fans ran towards him.

一看到这个电影明星,所有的影迷都跑了过去。

Hearing the exciting news,the whole class jumped with joy.

一听到这个激动人心的消息,全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。

b.谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中,则用when/while+现在分词的一般式,分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。此时也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句,该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如:

Waiting for a train,I had a long talk with my sister about her work.

等火车的时候,我跟妹妹谈了很多关于她的工作方面的事。

Having a meeting,you are supposed to keep quiet.

开会的时候,你们应该保持安静。

c.分词所表示的动作完成之后,谓语动作才发生,则要用现在分词的完成式,即having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示,也可以用after/when引导的时间状语从句来替换,该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如:

Having finished writing the paper,they would leave for home.

=After finishing writing the paper,they would leave for home.

=After/When they had finished writing the paper,they would leave for home.

写完论文后,他们才得以回家。

②作条件状语

Turning to the left,you will find the path leading to the park.

如果转向左边,你将找到通向公园的小道。

③作原因状语

与时间状语一样,作原因状语也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时,用分词的一般形式,此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成since,because,as引导的原因状语,该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,可以用现在分词的完成时在句中作原因状语,该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如:

Fearing that the police would recognize him,he never went out in daylight.

他怕警察会认出他来,因此白天他从不外出。

Having lived with the girl for 5 years,we all know her very well.

因为与那个女孩一起生活了五年,我们都非常了解她。

④作方式、伴随状语

现在分词短语表方式或伴随,用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下,现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语,谓语动词作为主要动作。作方式状语时,分词短语常置于句末。如:

The little boy sat there silently,staring at the cover of the book vacantly.

那个小男孩茫然地盯着书的封面,坐在那儿一言不发。

The soldier died a glorious death,sacrificing himself for the safety of the country.

他死得光荣,为国家安全献出了自己的生命。

⑤作结果状语

相当于一个结果状语从句,用主动语态,通常位于句末,中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气,就在分词前加thus。如:

Their car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.

他们的车遇上交通堵塞,因而耽误了。

The young couple died of AIDs,leaving two boys and a daughter behind.

这对年轻夫妇患艾滋病去世,扔下了两个儿子和一个女儿。

⑥作让步状语

相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可以带有连接词although,whether,even if,even though,分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语,变成状语从句时,需用主动语态。如:

Being heavy,the table was moved by Mike himself.

尽管这张桌子很重,迈克还是一个人把它搬走了。

Working or reading,the student couldn’t concentrate these days.

无论是工作还是读书,那个学生这几天都不能集中精力。

4)作定语

the swimming boy游泳的男孩 developing country发展中国家

running water自来水 floating wreckage漂浮着的残骸

exciting news激动人心的消息 tiring music烦人的音乐

dripping taps滴水的龙头 growing crops生长中的庄稼

More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.

越来越多的发展中国家与发达国家结成了战略合作关系。

5)作补语

现在分词作补足语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作。现在分词既可以作主语补足语,也可以在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和look at,listen to等动词短语以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补足语的成分。如:

Two students were caught cheating in this important exam.(主补)

两个学生在这次重要考试中作弊被抓。

On the top of the hill,we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.(宾补)

在山顶上,我们可以看到这个村庄烟囱里冒出的烟。

注意:

①在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义有区别:用现在分词,表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。如:

All the neighbours heard him playing the piano last night.

昨天晚上所有邻居都听见他在弹钢琴。

All the neighbours heard him play the piano last night,so they didn’t sleep well.

昨天晚上所有邻居都听见他弹钢琴了,所以他们都没睡好觉。

②“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如:

We had the fire burning all day.我们使火燃烧了一整天。

The businessman had his car repaired.这个商人把他的车(让别人)修过了。

6)作独立成分

现在分词独立结构通常作状语,可由“with”或“without”构成。如:

Prices going up so fast,we can’t afford such expensive clothes.

物价上涨得这么快,我们买不起如此昂贵的衣服了。

With his lips still trembling,he couldn’t say a word.

他嘴唇发抖,一句话也说不出来。

现在分词独立结构可以被看作句子的插入语,其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。常见的有:

generally speaking 一般说来 talking of(speaking of)说到

strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从……判断

all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来

Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。

Taking all things into consideration,you shouldn’t deal with it that way.

所有的因素都考虑在内,你不能用那种方法来处理这件事。

(2)现在分词与动名词区别

现在分词相当于形容词或副词,在句中作表语,补语,定语或者状语,它在句子中充当动词的一个词态的变化;而动名词就相当于名词,只是保有一些(很少)动词的功能,大部分是名词的特性,所以它在句中可以作主语,宾语,表语,同位语,定语等;当-ing形式出现在句中作状语时,它肯定是现在分词;当-ing形式出现在句中作主语,宾语,同位语时,它肯定是动名词;运用时,最主要区分两者作表语和定语时的用法。

1)作表语

现在分词作表语起形容词的作用,说明主语的性质、特征等,回答how的问题前可以用very,quite,rather,greatly等副词修饰,而动名词则不可以;现在分词与形容词一样可以和more,the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级,而动名词则不可以;作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外,还可以和其他的系动词连用,而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用;现在分词不可与主语互换位置,也不可带宾语。动名词作表语说明主语的内容,回答 what的问题,动名词作表语时可以和主语互换位置,意思和语法上都正确,此外,其后还可加宾语,状语。如:

The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring.(现在分词)

无论是国内还是国外的形势都非常振奋人心。

One of the best exercises is swimming.(动名词)

=Swimming is one of the best exercises.

最好的运动之一是游泳。/游泳是最好的运动之一。

The film last night was very disappointing to us.(现在分词)

昨晚的那场电影我们感觉很失望。

His job is teaching Chinese literature.(动名词)

=Teaching Chinese literature is his job.

他的工作是教汉语文学。/教汉语文学是他的工作。

2)作定语

现在分词作定语时,其前可有副词,形容词或名词,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或行为,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,常可以扩展成一个定语从句。动名词作定语时,其前可以有形容词,但此形容词不是修饰动名词,而是修饰“动名词+名词”结构,表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途(可以用“use for+动名词”这个结构代替),它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系。此外,现在分词构成的短语现在分词不重读,动名词构成的短语动名词须重读。如:

a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子

(sleeping此处为现在分词,不重读)

a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢

(sleeping此处为动名词,须重读)

a swimming girl =a girl who is swimming一个在游泳的姑娘

(swimming此处为现在分词,不重读)

a walking stick =a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖

(walking此处为动名词,须重读)

a hard-working worker 一个努力工作的工人

(现在分词working之前有副词hard,是working 的状语)

a good-looking boy 一个帅气的小伙

(现在分词looking 之前有形容词good,是looking的表语)

a big waiting room 一大间候车室

(形容词big 不修饰动名词waiting,而是修饰waiting room)