Practice 1-1-1

1.an, a 2.compliment 3.minor 4.formerly, formally 5.latter

6.emergency 7.simulation 8.devise, device 9.adapt 10.At one time, at a time

Practice 1-2-1

1.pieces of information 2.theses 3.essays 4.scenery 5.shelves 6.chefs 7.passers-by 8.on-lookers 9.successes 10.progress

Practice 1-3-1

Group one: 1.considerable 2.consideration 3.considerably 4.consid-erate 5.consider

Group two: 1.technicians 2.technical 3.technology 4.technically 5.technique (s) 6.technological

Practice 1-3-2

Part Ⅰ

1.life 2.preparation 3.complaint 4.growth 5.memorize 6.confusion

7.increase 8.bleed 9.decision 10.loss

Part Ⅱ

1.dryness 2.safety 3.diligence 4.laziness 5.poorness/poverty 6.bravery

7.beauty 8.artistic 9.mental 10.wisdom

Practice 1-3-3

1.culture 2.help 3.honesty 4.warmth 5.severely 6.wise 7.tolerant

8.hope 9.humorous 10.inconveniences

Practice 2-1-1

1.When I was young I used to go swimming in the lake.But now it is so polluted that almost everything in it has died.

2.Thirty years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children.Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any children.

Practice 2-2-1

1.One cannot sleep soundly if he exercises vigorously before retiring to bed.Or: You cannot sleep soundly if you exercise vigorously before retiring to bed.Or: People cannot sleep soundly if they exercise vigorously before retiring to bed.

2.Neither Mary nor Joanne has told her mother the truth.

3.Dogs are our good friends.They help us a lot.

4.If we can't finish our work, the employer will lay us off.Or: If you can't finish your work, the employer will lay you off.

5.An optimist always looks on the cheerful side of life.He believes that if he smiles to the mirror of life, it will smile back to him.Or: Optimists always look on the cheerful side of life.They believe that if they smile to the mirror of life, it will smile back to them.

Practice 2-3-1

1.The scientist is not a person who gives the right answer.He is the one who asks the right questions.Or: The scientist is not a person who gives the right answer；he is the one who asks the right questions.

2.Perseverance is not a long race.It is many short races one after another.Or: Perseverance is not a long race；it is many short races one after another.

3.The brightness of the sun lifts my spirit.I feel energetic and ready to work.Or: The brightness of the sun lifts my spirit；I feel energetic and ready to work.

4.I didn't do it for reward.I did it for love.Or: I didn't do it for reward；I did it for love.

5.Child obesity is not just a problem in America.It is now a serious problem around the world.Or: Child obesity is not just a problem in America；it is now a serious problem around the world.

Practice 2-3-2

1.When a dog bites a man that is not news, but/yet when a man bites a dog that is news.

2.Quitters never win, and winners never quit.

3.They were undecided about whether to continue, for they had lost their sense of direction.

4.She must know what is happening, or she is a complete idiot.

5.There were only a few miles from their destination, so they kept on walking.

6.He had no friends, nor did he make any.

7.One mother can take care of three children, yet/but three children cannot take care of one mother.

Practice 2-3-3

1.There is much to be proud of in today's world；however, there is probably just as much to be ashamed of.

2.A foreign student faces many problems；for example, he has to cope with a new culture.

3.A short nap relaxes me；in addition, it gives me the energy to spend on my homework.

4.Susan often keeps wondering if she has made the right decision；likewise, Virginia questions her judgment all the time.

5.Commercially raised animals such as chickens or beef cattle can reach marketable size within a matter of months or a year；in contrast, the American lobster must grow for an average of six to eight years before it reaches the proper size.

Practice 2-3-4

1.If you cannot find the right book, you should ask a librarian for help.

2.Although my cat is fed well, she is still skinny.

3.Playing football after school is good for children because it promotes a sense of teamwork.

4.As/When she was crossing the street, she lost the heel of her right shoe.

5.While an optimist sees a half-filled glass half full, a pessimist thinks it's half empty.Or: An optimist sees a half-filled glass half full, while a pessimist thinks it's half empty.

Practice 2-3-5

1.Beethoven was not born deaf；he lost his hearing gradually.

2.Without grammar little can be conveyed；without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.

3.Since it was the night before Christmas, the children were excited.Or: It was the night before Christmas, so the children were excited.

4.More and more people who live alone adopt a pet for company；consequently, the pet services industry has expanded greatly.

5.Money cannot make you happy, but it can keep you comfortable.Or: Money cannot make you happy, though it can keep you comfortable.Or: Although money cannot make you happy, it can keep you comfortable.

Practice 2-4-1

1.When his wallet was stolen, he was left penniless in a foreign country.He couldn't even pay his hotel bill.

2.Ken has a part-time job.He doesn't have to work, but he chooses to.

Practice 2-5-1

1.Only beginners can enter that contest.

2.I was absent yesterday because I was ill.

3.Few people can follow directions.

4.He felt that the remark would do great damage to his reputation.

5.Thompson trusts only his wife.

6.At daybreak, we were awakened by noises downstairs.

7.This instructor knows how to make a dull/boring subject interesting.

8.I had caught a cold.So, as soon as I got home and went upstairs, I changed out of my wet clothes and took some medicine out of the cupboard.

9.I offered the students tickets to Saturday's concert.

10.The two teachers differ in their opinions about their students.

Practice 2-6-1

1.Climbing the ladder, Peter knocked over the paint can with his head.Or: When Peter was climbing the ladder, his head knocked over the paint can.

2.By obeying all traffic regulations, drivers can avoid many accidents.Or: If drivers obey all traffic regulations, many accidents can be avoided.

3.Having missed the train, they cancelled the trip.Or: After they had missed the train, the trip was cancelled.

4.To become a good fashion designer, you need many years of training.Or: Becoming a successful fashion designer requires many years of training.

5.When Laura was eleven, her father remarried.Or: At the age of eleven, Laura had a stepmother.

Practice 2-8-1

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

Practice 2-8-2

1.The clothes we choose reflect our preferences, values, and personality.

2.I looked for my key in the drawer, in the bed, and in the pocket, but I failed to find it.

3.Mary can't live with the man who has no responsibility and who never does a thing completely.

4.Sarah forgot that her research paper was due on Friday and that her professor would not accept late papers.

5.Driving kids prematurely from cradles to schools will deprive them of freedom for regular development physically and mentally.

Practice 2-8-3

1.First-year chemistry courses are supposed to teach students how to take notes on an experiment and how to write a lab report.

2.Dentists advise brushing the teeth after each meal and avoiding too much sugar in the diet.

3.Far away from my hometown, I feel lonely, helpless, and homesick.

4.Many people choose air transportation because it is fast, convenient, and inexpensive.

5.After the camping trip, I was exhausted, irritable, and hungry.

Practice 2-9-1

1.Computer technology has advanced dramatically in the past five years.

2.He was absent from class yesterday morning because he was too sick to go to school.

3.The 300-page-long novel about life on the Amazon is very interesting.Or: The interesting novel about life on the Amazon is 300 pages long.

4.All living things need energy that comes directly and/or indirectly from the sun.Or: The energy needed by all living things comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.

5.A woman came out of her house and saw three old men with long white beards sitting in her front yard.

Practice 2-9-2

1.Hit by the basketball, Martin's window was broken into a thousand pieces.

2.The town, located north of the Mississippi River, was struck by a tornado and was completely demolished.

3.When he came into the room, the boss greeted him with a smile on her face and said, “We got the contract! ”

4.Peter's work day ended at 6: 00；however, he wanted to go home when he felt tired at 3: 00.

5.At thirteen, she has already won recognition as an expert gymnast.

Practice 2-10-1

1.A life of high quality includes both material gain and happiness.

2.Two days without sleep or food, the dog will quickly die.

3.Nobody is happy without health.

4.I can breathe fresh air, lie on the grass, look at the blue sky, listen to singing birds, and run on the lawn.

5.Safety is the top priority.

6.He exercises frequently to maintain good health.

7.I want to know how you successfully solved these problems.

8.We want to provide students with many chances to interact with foreigners.

9.Nowadays, more and more people have (private) cars.

10.He fulfilled the dream that the Chinese have long had.

11.People's standard of living is greatly improved.

12.One cannot have a good/bright future without good health.

13.Do you mind sending (arranging for) a car to pick me up on Friday?

14.In my opinion, studying English requires memorizing words, repeating sentences, and writing articles.

15.My classmate gives me some useful suggestions for studying English.

Practice 3-2-1

1.A successful topic sentence (has two essential parts).

2.You need (four ingredients) to make peanut butter.

3.American education (has five stages).

4.The seriously depressed person (sees himself in a very negative way).

5.Disneyland (has several unique attractions).

Practice 3-2-2

Paragraph one.1.

Practice 3-2-3

Paragraph one. A formal letter differs from an informal letter in several ways.

Practice 3-2-4

Paragraph one.Never miss class.

Paragraph two.My mother and my father are very different from each other.

Paragraph three.Here are some tips about how you talk to people.

Paragraph four.Vitamins can be lost from foods in three possible ways.

Paragraph five.There are two extremes of drivers behind the steering wheel (方向盘) today.

Practice 3-2-5

Topic one: Television

1.Sesame Streetis an American TV program that is popular with both children and adults.

2.Human ＆ Natureis better than The Animal Worldin the following aspects.

3.Human ＆ Naturecan enhance people's awareness of environmental and animal protection.

Practice 3-2-6

Situation one:

A.The local government can organize an Earth Hour event.

B.We can sit in the dark and share stories.

C.Family members can dine by candlelight.

D.Friends, classmates, and/or colleagues can organize a treasure hunt in the dark.

E.We can recite both Chinese and English poems or practice tongue twisters (绕口令).

F.People can take their dogs for a night walk.

Practice 3-2-7

Paragraph one.In summary, to make oneself lovable is an art for both men and women to cultivate before they can break down the invisible wall between them.

Paragraph two.It's apparent that people with different religions and cultures all have specific foods that they never eat.

Paragraph three.In short, newspapers have something for almost everyone.

Paragraph four.Thus, getting married seems to be one of the key things for a Japanese woman to do before she reaches thirty.

Paragraph five.For a police officer, the process of investigation involves both carefulness and patience.

Practice 3-2-8

Topic sentence one: Money can't serve every purpose in our daily life.

Step 1.Ask a question according to the controlling idea in the topic sentence:

Why can't money serve every purpose in our daily life?

Step 2.Three major developing sentences:

A.Money can't guarantee a sense of financial or personal security.

B.Money can't buy health.

C.Money can't buy true friendship.

Practice 3-3-1

Paragraph one

As a certified nurse's assistant, your work can be divided into four basic tasks.First, you must wash and dress the patients.Then you must feed the patients and make sure they all take their medications.Next, you must get the ones who can walk or be moved around in a wheelchair out of bed and to the activity room.Last, and most importantly, you must talk with and listen to patients.A nursing care facility is home for those people, and they need to have as normal a life as they can.

Practice 3-3-3

1.Ellen enjoyed herself when she took her daughter Jane to the park.Or: Jane enjoyed herself when Ellen (her mother) took her to the park.

2.The dog ran into the street as soon as Susan removed the leash from it.

3.The teacher said to the student, “I (You) have the responsibility to hand out the books.”

4.Mary said to her mother, “I'm (You are) working too hard.”

5.Readers will read this advertisement once it is placed in the magazine.Or: Readers will read the magazine once this advertisement is placed in it.

Practice 3-3-4

Paragraph one

This: “Men cannot manufacture blood as efficiently as women can.”

this: “…men breathe more deeply”

Practice 3-3-7

1.writing letters: composing messages 2.trained: domesticate 3.jealously: envy 4.cohabitation: live together but are not married 5.enormous: large, task: job

Practice 3-3-13

Move the sentence“Examples of string instruments are violins, cellos and basses.”to follow the sentence“Their sound is produced by vibrating strings or wires.”

Practice 3-3-14

Step 1.The topic sentence:

Three major ways to shop wisely are as follows.

Step 2.Three major developing sentences in descending order:

A.To begin with, shoppers should go to several stores before buying because prices on the same goods may vary from store to store.

B.In addition, they would be better off pretending that they just want to have a look at the merchandise instead of showing their eagerness to the salesperson.

C.Finally, shoppers can also buy out-of-season goods.

Practice 4-2-1

1.The topic: the fundamental Olympic values / The main points: excellence, friendship and respect

2.The topic: the most important part of education / The main points: how to think critically, how to create and how to ask interesting questions

3.The topic: the three basic causes of the U.S.Civil War / The main points: the economic superiority of the northern states, the slavery issue, and the political question of the right of individual states to secede from the United States and form a separate country

4.The topic: reasons of wars in the twentieth century / The main points: ethnic, economic, and religious

5.The topic: the Olympic spirit / The main points: higher, faster and stronger

Practice 4-2-2

1.She is elegant, intelligent, and attractive.

2.The most expensive items in this company's budget are employee salaries, communication costs, and office supplies.

3.We asked the store manager to show us a gift that was inexpensive, useful, and nice-looking.Or: We asked the store manager to show us an inexpensive, useful, and nice-looking gift.

4.Plenty of students without financial resources can still go to college because they can borrow money from banks, hold part-time jobs, and win scholarships.

5.Failure in university is frequently attributed to a lack of responsibility, discipline, and basic study skills.

6.The game-show contestant was told to be cheerful, charming, and enthusiastic.

7.City living is exciting, convenient, and entertaining.

8.What do the super-rich know about disease, hunger, and poverty? Or: What do the super-rich know about those who are sick, hungry, and poor?

9.Nutritionists use three methods to decide if a person has malnutrition: physical exams, laboratory tests, and diet studies.

10.Newcomers to Canada who come from warm climates with no snow often find themselves depressed by the drizzly autumns, freezing winters, and non-existent springs.

Practice 4-2-5

Topic one: Discuss three major reasons that lead to a student's failure to pass an exam.

Step 1.Brainstorm to gather as many ideas as you can about the chosen essay topic.

never take any notes, lack of experience, spend little time studying, fail to grasp the main idea, keep silent in class, have no good rest, learn by rote, read no reference books, no future if fail, irresponsible teachers, sleepless before exam, parents' expectations, skip class, overlook one or two questions, misunderstand the question, forget a lot during an exam, no preview before class, no review after class, late for the exam, incorrect attitude toward exam, poor memory, unable to finish the exam on time, do little exercise, dislike the course, watch too much TV, troubles with girl/boyfriend, lack self-confidence, get sick, play computer games, too nervous, stupid, oversleep, absent-minded in class

Step 2.Divide all your ideas into three general groups and cross out the ideas that do not fit any of the groups.

Group 1: ineffective learning methods

never take any notes, spend little time studying, fail to grasp the main idea, keep silent in class, learn by rote, read no reference books, no preview before class, no review after class, do little exercise

Group 2: poor preparation

have no good rest, dislike the course, watch too much TV, troubles with girl/boyfriend, play computer games

Group 3: nervousness

no future if fail, parents' expectations, overlook one or two questions, misunderstand the question, forget a lot during an exam, sleepless before exam, blank mind

Step 3.Write an appropniate thesis statement for this essay topic.

The three major reasons why a student is likely to fail his exam are ineffective learning methods, poor preparation, and nervousness.

Practice 4-2-6

Introductory paragraph one.Sentence order: (3) , (4) , (2) , (1)

Introductory paragraph two.Sentence order: (1) , (3) , (2) , (4)

Introductory paragraph three.Sentence order: (3) , (5) , (1) , (4) , (2)

Practice 4-2-9

Topic one: Discuss three major reasons that lead to a student's failure to pass an exam. (The introductory paragraph)

In most cases, those who take courses either in school or at college/university are tested at the end of each semester.While some can easily achieve straight A's, others find exams“a hard nut to crack”.Their failure may be the result of three points: ineffective learning methods, poor preparation, and nervousness.

Practice 4-3-1

Topic one: Beijing Opera (or other local operas in China) is declining in popularity.

Topic sentence 1: The initial reason is that the facial makeup leaves little suspense for the audience.

Topic sentence 2: The incomprehensible dialogues and slow pace in the opera can also throw the young audience into an intolerable situation.

Topic sentence 3: Meanwhile, other forms of entertainments are becoming more and more appealing to the younger generation.

Practice 4-3-3

Topic one: Discuss three major reasons that lead to a student's failure to pass an exam. (The three body paragraphs)

First of all, the student who fails his exam may not be well equipped with appropriate learning methods.In class, he may just listen but never take any notes, or conversely, he may keep himself busy by only taking notes and leave no time for thinking.After class, he may spend all his time memorizing the notes.So, once the questions in the exam are changed, he will find himself completely lost.Another student may not preview his lesson or review his lesson.As a result, when that student has a hard time understanding what the teacher says in class, he is likely to fail the exam given by that teacher.

Another trigger for a student's bad exam results is poor preparation.Some students don't spend enough time preparing for their exams.Instead, they surf the Internet for fun, play computer games, go dancing with their girlfriends or boyfriends, and they may even have a part-time job somewhere.Moreover, some other students who always feel good about themselves take it for granted that the exam is going to be easy or at least that they can pass without too much difficulty.Unfortunately, when the“easy exam”turns out to be a tough one, what they get is only a poor mark.

Besides the two above-mentioned points, nervousness and failure in an exam also go hand in hand.Due to parental, peer, and/or social pressures, some students may worry about things like whether or not they can eventually achieve degrees or find a decent job after graduation.Consequently, they won't perform to their utmost ability.Worse still, because of nervousness, some of them may misunderstand a question；others may overlook a question.But worst of all, once confronted with a tough question, some students become extremely nervous, so nervous that their mind goes completely blank.

Practice 4-4-1

Topic one:

In summary, smoking should be prohibited in restaurants because it makes the air dirty, produces a nasty smell, and creates an unpleasant atmosphere in which customers cannot enjoy the food.

Practice 4-4-2

Topic one:

Therefore it can be concluded that good toys are characterized by their multi-functions.

Practice 4-4-3

The first concluding paragraph is poor because 1) There is a new idea: “Of course, developed countries can also provide aid by establishing solely-foreign owned companies in developing countries.”2) There is a change of attitude: “However, developing countries should mainly stand on their own feet；that is, developing countries cannot boost their economy without the efforts made by themselves.”

The second concluding paragraph is good because 1) The summary restates the three main points in the thesis statement using synonyms: “Therefore, it can be concluded that rich countries can definitely help poor countries become more prosperous financially, technically, and intellectually.”2) The memory statement takes the form of making a prediction: “In the near future, we hope to see the gap between developed countries and developing countries narrowed, or even bridged.”

Practice 4-4-6

Topic one: Discuss three major reasons that lead to a student's failure to pass an exam. (The concluding paragraph)

In brief, an examinee can get an F as a result of either accidental or inevitable reasons, or a combination of both.In order to pass an exam successfully, a student should gain insight into the causes of failure and develop corresponding strategies like finding efficient ways of learning, reviewing thoroughly what is taught, and getting rid of his mental stress.Since“practice makes perfect”, his efforts will eventually pay off.