Part One Cohesion
One characteristic of a good paragraph is cohesion.When a paragraph has cohesion, all the developing sentences“stick together”in their support of the topic sentence.The methods of connecting sentences to each other are called cohe-sive devices.Five cohesive devices are transition signals, pronoun reference, demonstrative pronouns, the definite article, and synonyms.
1.Transition Signals
Transition signals are words and/or phrases that help to connect sentences to each other.Compare the difference between the following two paragraphs: the first has no transition signals；the second has appropriate transition signals added.
Paragraph one
Part-time jobs for college students are a mixed feeling.They help young people earn some pocket money.It is satisfying for young people to help with their family finances.Jobs often distract students from their schoolwork.Many jobs are so boring that students get the idea that work is boring.
Paragraph two
Part-time jobs for college students are a mixed feeling.They help young people earn some pocket money.It is also satisfying for young people to help with their family finances.But on the other hand, jobs often distract students from their schoolwork.Moreover, many jobs are so boring that students get the idea that work is boring.
The transition signals of the second paragraph (such as also , but one the other hand , and moreover ) help the ideas stick together so well that this paragraph flows more smoothly than the first one.Note: do not overuse transition signals；instead, use them only when necessary, and vary their positions in your sentences.
* * * * * *
Below is a list of some transition signals quite useful to you.These transition signals are arranged according to their usage.
1) To signal relationship in time:
first/firstly/first of all
first and foremost
to begin with
in the first place
for one thing/for another thing
initial/initially
at first
second/secondly
in the second place
third/thirdly
in the third place
next
then/since then
from then on
from now on
before/before that
prior to
previous (ly) /former (ly)
beforehand
after/after that
afterward
after a while
in the past
at present
in the future
temporarily
while
meanwhile
at the same time
during
when/whenever
as soon as
until
at that moment
later/later on
subsequently
eventually
last/last but not least
at last
finally
2) To signal relationship in space:
to the left/to the right (of)
in the middle (of)
on either side (of)
on both sides (of)
beside
along
near/next to/close to
adjacent to
behind/from behind
on top of
under/beneath/below
above/over
between/in between
across
at the edge/center of
beyond
inside/outside
among/from among
parallel to
in front of
opposite to
on the opposite side (of)
3) To signal that what follows is similar to what precedes:
likewise
once again/once more
in (much) the same way/manner
by the same token
similarly/in a similar way
similar to
vice versa
also
not only…but also…
both…and…
like/just like
as/just as
equally/equally important
namely
(almost) the same as
in addition (to)
as…as…
as well as
have…in common
alike
resemble
correspond to/with
4) To signal a contrast:
but/yet/whereas
however
otherwise
in contrast (to)
by contrast
unfortunately
conversely
though/although
nevertheless
unlike
in spite of
despite
on the contrary/contrary to
nowadays
instead (of)
rather than
even so
even if/even though
not as…as…
vary (from…to…)
different from
differ from
as opposed to
the other way round
superior to/inferior to
preferable to/prefer (to)
would rather…than…
…remain worlds apart
on the one hand…, (but) on the other hand…
5) To signal that what follows is an example, or illustration:
for example/for instance/e.g.
such as
that is/i.e.
namely
take…for example
take…as an example
let's look at…for example
in other words
A (good) case in point is…
in particular
especially
specifically
An illustration may make the point clear.
6) To signal that what follows is a cause of what precedes:
because/because of
owing to
on account of
due to/be due to
thanks to
…, for
since
as
be responsible for
in that
have something/nothing to do with
7) To signal that what follows is a result of what precedes:
as a result
as a consequence
consequently
so/therefore/thus
then
for this reason
hence
accordingly
produce
give rise to
bring about
trigger
contribute to
lead to
result in
have an effect on
attribute…to…
be attributed to
8) To signal that what follows is supplementary or additional:
and/as well as
then
for one thing
for another thing
another
again
also/too
in addition (to)
additionally
additional
besides (that)
moreover
furthermore
not only…but also…
what is more
at the same time
worse still/to make matters worse
worst of all
9) To signal that what follows is quite expected, quite natural, or obviously true:
as a matter of fact/in fact
of course
to be sure
surely
actually
naturally
10) For concession:
though/although
while
even though/even if
nevertheless
in spite of
despite
after all
admittedly (诚然, 不可否认)
Although it's true that…, it's also true that…
11) To signal that what follows is a summary or a conclusion:
in a word
in brief
in short
all in all
on the whole
in general
to conclude/in conclusion
to sum up/to summarize
in summary
therefore it can be seen that
From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that
Practice 3-3-1
Identify and underline the transition signals in the following paragraphs.Answers are provided only for the first paragraph.
Paragraph one
As a certified (持证上岗的) nurse's assistant, your work can be divided into four basic tasks.First, you must wash and dress the patients.Then you must feed the patients and make sure they all take their medications.Next, you must get the ones who can walk or be moved around in a wheelchair out of bed and to the activity room.Last, and most importantly, you must talk with and listen to patients.A nursing care facility is home for those people, and they need to have as normal a life as they can.
Paragraph two
To find good jobs, people must consider going to a good graduate school.These days, graduate school is the most important choice because the competition for all kinds of jobs has gotten fiercer.For example, business positions at the entry level often go to people with MBAs.In addition, many good jobs require advanced training and skills.Moreover, employers pay attention not only to the presence of an advanced degree on a job-hunter's résumé but also to the program of study and the quality of the school.Therefore, think about going to graduate school, and choose your school carefully.
2.Pronoun Reference
A pronoun is a word that refers to a noun.To be more exact, a pronoun in one sentence should be related to a noun either within the same sentence or in a previous sentence.For example:
The little girl looked at the birthday cake.She stuck out her finger and took a taste of it.
Using the pronoun she , her , and itin the second sentence holds these two sentences together.
But in using pronouns, you need to know the possibilities of confusing pronoun reference.The word to which a pronoun is referring should be clearly identifiable within the same sentence or in a previous sentence.A pronoun should not be placed so that it can refer to either of two persons or two objects.For example:
When Dr.White and Dr.Black discuss the operation, he says that he feels hopeful about the outcome.
The reader is not really sure which doctor the pronoun heis referring to.Who feels hopeful about the outcome, Dr.White? or Dr.Black? The meaning can be clarified in the following two methods.
Method one: Move the pronoun closer to the noun being referred to.
Dr.White says that he feels hopeful about the outcome when he discusses the operation with Dr.Black.
Method two: Change the indirect speech into direct speech.
“I feel hopeful about the outcome, ”says Dr.White when he discusses the operation with Dr.Black.
Practice 3-3-2
Read the two short paragraphs below, and identify what the underlined pronouns refer to in the context.No answers are provided.
Paragraph one
Last night I ate pizza with goat cheese and spinach.It was delicious.My friend Tony paid for it.He likes pizza too, but he prefers it with tomato and walnuts.
Paragraph two
My sister was very athletic when she was young.She could do just about anything.Her favorite sport was gymnastics.It appealed to her because it was a performance, almost like dance.
Practice 3-3-3
Read the following sentences carefully, and correct their pronoun reference errors.Answers are provided only for the first five sentences.
1.When Ellen takes her daughter Jane to the park, she enjoys herself.
2.As soon as Susan removed the leash from the dog, it ran into the street.
3.The teacher told the student that it was her responsibility to hand out the books.
4.Mary told her mother that she was working too hard.
5.Once this advertisement is placed in the magazine, readers will read it.
6.When Joanne set the vase on the glass table, it cracked.
7.When Dave phoned his father, he wasn't feeling well.
8.Peter told Alan that his wife was unhappy.
9.She told her mother that she needed a physical checkup.
10.The company chairman contacted the marketing director after he failed to attend the sales meeting.
3.Demonstrative Pronouns ＆ the Definite Article
To give a paragraph good cohesion, you can also use demonstrative pronouns this , that , these , and those , and/or the definite article the.Look at the two sentences below.
On top of the desk is a book.This book has a red cover.
We learn that there is only one book；that is: the book on top of the desk has a red cover.Of course, you can use the definite article theinstead of the demonstrative pronoun this.A noun with a definite article often relates to a previously mentioned noun.
On top of the desk is a book.The book has a red cover.
Practice 3-3-4
Identify what the underlined demonstrative pronoun thisor thatrefers to in the following paragraphs.Answers are provided only for the first paragraph.
Paragraph one
Men cannot manufacture blood as efficiently as women can.This makes surgery riskier for men.Men also need more oxygen because they do not breathe as often as women.But men breathe more deeply and this exposes them to anther risk.When the air is polluted, they draw more of it into their lungs.
Paragraph two
One of the advantages that the electronic commerce possesses is speed.With increased speeds of communication, the delivery time is expedited (加快) and that makes the whole transaction from start to finish more efficient.Also, you can find practically any product available for sale on the Internet.Even more significant is the fact that information appearing on the Internet can be changed extremely rapidly.This gives business owners the ability to inform customers of any changes to the service that they are offering.
Practice 3-3-5
Identify what the underlined demonstrative pronouns (this , that , these , or those ) refer to in the following sentences.No answers are provided.
1.There is an expression in English that asserts, “Necessity is the mother of invention.”This conveys the notion that something often gets invented when someone sees a need for it.
2.The miracle is this-the more we share, the more we have.
3.As fall replaces summer, the weather also becomes drier.People may have itchy (发痒的) throats, dry noses and coughs.These are all caused by dry weather.
4.The qualities that I admire in Margaret are these-her industry, her graciousness (和蔼) , and her integrity.
5.University teaching in the United Kingdom is very different at both undergraduate and graduate levels from that of many overseas countries.
6.October skies are bluer than those of any other months.
Practice 3-3-6
Write a sentence using a demonstrative pronoun (this , that , these , or those ). Answers will vary.
4.Synonyms
The use of synonyms can also help to move your ideas along from one sentence to the next in your paragraph.In addition, synonyms can help to prevent the frequent repetition of a word or a phrase.For example, the following paragraph is awkward because of the over-repetition of the word“connect/connection”.
Popular literature often connects the full moon with mental illness.A study of 4, 190 suicides over 58 years in Sacramento County, California, uncovered no connections with the moon, full or otherwise.Several studies likewise revealed no connection between lunar phases (月相) and psychiatric-hospital admissions, while one claiming to reveal such a connection showed that mental crises seem to be lowest during a full moon.
Now read a similar paragraph which uses synonyms for“connect/connec-tion”.
Popular literature often associates the full moon with mental illness.A study of 4, 190 suicides over 58 years in Sacramento County, California, uncovered no ties with the moon, full or otherwise.Several studies likewise revealed no link between lunar phases and psychiatric-hospital admissions, while one claiming to reveal such a connection showed that mental crises seem to be lowest during a full moon.
The word connectionand its synonyms associates , tiesand linkhelp to relate one sentence to the next so that the reader can follow the ideas easily.As your English vocabulary grows, you will be in a better position to use synonyms as cohesive devices.If you can do so, the reader won't be bored by your monotonous repetition of a single word or a phrase.
Practice 3-3-7
Read the following sentences.Identify the word or words that has/have the same meaning as the underlined word (s). Note: the meaning of a word or words may be repeated with a word or words that has/have a different word form. For example:
A study found that people who sleep less tend to be fat, and experts say it is time to establish (证实) if more sleep will fight obesity.
fat: obesity
Answers are provided only for the first five sentences.
1.Writing letters to send by electronic mail is a great way to communicate with friends around the world.Composing messages on the computer can also improve one's writing ability because one has the support of a spell check and grammar check program.
2.No one has ever been able to domesticate the African elephant.Only the Indian elephant can be trained by man.
3.While Americans working long hours often look jealously upon Europeans' month-long vacations, Europeans envy Americans' higher salaries.
4.Understanding the dynamics (动因) of couples who live together but are not married has become more and more important as cohabitation around the globe increases.
5.Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task.The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.
6.Mark Bray, an Olympic athlete, believes that a number of athletes are using illegal drugs.When reporters asked him for evidence, he said, “I don't have any definite proof, but I have a right to state my opinion.”
7.George Gershwin's versatility was remarkable.His serious works were composed at the same time as he was producing popular songs.
8.The likelihood that you will get divorced increases if several of your colleagues at work break up with their partners.
9.Several days ago, a sudden change in the weather caused Marcia to catch cold.She began to throw up.Despite taking a lot of medicine, she kept on vomiting.
10.A German telecommunications company is developing the first mobile phone that will alert (警示) users when their breath is bad or if they are giving off offensive smells.The phone will use a tiny chip to detect such unpleasant odors.
11.Overweight young adults should talk to their doctors about healthy ways to shed pounds, Narayan advised.“Losing weight can help lower diabetes (糖尿病) risk, ”he said.
12.The whale population has been hunted almost to extinction.If nations do not band together and stop the slaughter of whales, those noble sea mammals will cease to exist.
13.Our country observed its Centennial in 1967, and my hometown celebrated its fiftieth anniversary the same year.
14.Sydney has been voted the world's best city destination for the eighth year in a row in Travel and Leisuremagazine's annual readers' survey, which also selected Bali (巴厘) as the top island.
15.Some young people get married because they are genuinely in love, but others tie the knot for some of the wrong reasons: security, companionship, or money.One more reason to wed in those days is that everyone else is doing it, and nobody wants to be left behind.
Practice 3-3-8
The following well-written sentences containing synonyms were collected from Chinese students' writings.Identify and underline the synonyms in each sente-nce.
1.A teacher's teaching method can influence a student's way of learning.
2.He wants to travel the world, but he is not ready for the trip yet.
3.She is waiting for your reply, so you'd better answer her as soon as possible.
4.Proper measures must be taken to decrease the number of tourists and reduce the amount of rubbish.
5.An increase in cost usually causes a rise in prices.
6.After I knew that she had phoned me, I called her back immediately.
7.To keep awake, I often replace a flavored drink with coffee；to fall asleep, I usually substitute the beverage for a cup of milk.
8.After hearing the bad news that he failed the exam, his beautiful dream was cracked and his heart broken.
9.It's easier to distinguish twins from one another, while it's much harder to tell right from wrong.
10.Where there is a boring teacher, there is a dull course.
* * * * * *
To write a sentence containing synonyms, you can try the following method:
Step 1.Write down a word (such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs) that could have synonyms.
Step 2.Exchange with your classmate the word you have just written.
Step 3.Try to find the synonym for the word.Note: sometimes one word may have more than one synonym.
Step 4.Write a sentence for the pair, the first sentence using the word, the second using its synonym.
Example one: Word
Synonym
beautiful
pretty
Jane is wearing a beautiful dress today.We all think that she looks pretty. (Both words are adjectives.)
Example two:
Word
Synonym
pretty
beauty
Jane is a pretty girl.Her beauty attracts many of the opposite sex. (The first word is an adjective, and the second word is a noun.)
Answers will vary.
Part Two Coherence
Another characteristic of a good paragraph is coherence.When a paragraph has coherence, all the developing sentences are arranged in a logical order.The four major types of ordering are: chronological order, spatial order, explanatory order, and order of importance.
1.Chronological Order
Chronological order means time order.Chronological order is often used to describe something as simple as a process or something as complex as a history book.A good chronological paragraph should discuss the steps (in a process) or the events (in a history) in the order in which they occur.For example:
July 21, 1969, was an unforgettable day for all the citizens of planet Earth, particularly Neil Armstrong.After traveling through space for three days, Armstrong got dressed in his space suit and prepared to take a step on the moon.The entire world was watching when he opened the door of the Apollo 11 lunar module (登月舱) and descended the ladder.He put his right foot on the moon's surface, and, as he did, he said the now-famous phrase, “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”Then, his fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin joined him.Together, they performed scientific experiments and also had some fun entertaining the world with their lunar antics (滑稽动作). Since that day, several other men have walked on the moon, but none inspired a whole world in quite the same way.
Practice 3-3-9
The sentences in the paragraph below have been scrambled (that is, “mixed up”). Rearrange the sentences in the paragraph in a logical time order.No answers are provided.
George always shaves and brushes his teeth before eating.Sometimes he falls asleep again.Then he puts on his coat and says goodbye before he leaves for the office.When the alarm clock rings, George wakes up and shuts it off.If this happens, his mother wakes him up so that he won't be late for work.After he finishes breakfast, he usually reads the morning newspaper.
Practice 3-3-10
Choose one of the following topic sentences and write a paragraph about how to do something by explaining the major steps in a logical time order.Add appropriate transition signals between steps.Answers will vary.
1.There are a number of steps to follow before you can borrow a book in the library.
2.To get promoted in your workplace, you should follow the steps below.
2.Spatial Order
Spatial order means that items are described systematically through space.To help the reader form a mental picture of what is being described, you should select some orderly means of description: from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, or outside to inside, etc.Below is a paragraph describing how a classroom looks like.
My teacher likes a classroom layout that encourages interaction among students.He sets up the physical space so that it helps us interact with each other as much as possible.He prefers to have his desk in the center of the room.That means that the students surround him and everyone can always see everyone else.As you walk into the room, the first thing you see is the enormous windows directly opposite the door.If you look to the left, you will see his bulletin boards, which take up the entire back wall of the classroom.To the right is the computer station with enough computers for ten students.Behind you as you face the windows is the chalkboard.Above the board is a map of the world.
Practice 3-3-11
While reading the following paragraph, underline all the space signals in it.No answers are provided.
Henry's cat is a lovely one.Her fur is white, and this makes her ears on top of her head look a little pink.Her eyes are big and yellow.When she is wide awake and in trouble, they can look as bright as the sun.Her nose is pink, and under this is her mouth.It is usually open and talking, or it has a sly (狡猾的) smile on it.On both sides of her mouth are whiskers.These are long and seem to dance in the sunlight.This seemingly innocent head is attached to a rather plump, but hardly lazy, body.Her legs are strong and allow her to make an escape in a matter of minutes.At the end of her body is a long tail which is constantly in motion.In short, this cat is Henry's favorite pet.
Practice 3-3-12
1.Write a paragraph in which you describe a clean (or the cleanest) room you have ever seen.
2.Write a paragraph in which you describe a messy (or the messiest) room you have ever seen.
3.Write a paragraph in which you describe the room (or the apartment) you grew up when you were a child.What did it look like? What memories do you still have about it?
3.Explanatory Order
Explanatory order refers to a systematic explanation of one specific subject in a paragraph.Like a chronological or a spatial paragraph, a good explanatory paragraph should also move from one point to the next smoothly and clearly.For example:
Most middle-class Americans use four main distances, or zones, in their business and social relations；each of these distances has a near and a far phase and is accompanied by a change in the volume of the voice.First, intimate distance, which varies from direct physical contact to a distance of six to eighteen inches, and which is used for our most private activities-caressing (爱抚的) another person or comforting a crying child.Next, personal distance, which has a close phase of one and a half to two and a half feet；it is at this distance that wives usually stand from their husbands in public.If another woman moves into this zone, the wife will most likely be disturbed.The far phase-two and a half to four feet-is the distance used to“keep someone at arm's length”and this is the most common spacing used by people in conversation.Third comes social distance, which is employed during business transactions or exchanges with a clerk or repairman.People who work together tend to use close social distance, four to seven feet.The far phase of the third zone-seven to twelve feet-is where people stand when someone says, “Stand back so I can look at you.”This distance lends a formal tone to business or social discourse.The last is public distance, which is used by teachers in classroom or speakers at public gatherings.At its farthest phase-twenty-five feet and beyond-it is used for important public figures.Obviously, people keep different distances, or zones according to the situations they are in, and their interpersonal relationships.
Practice 3-3-13
The following explanatory paragraph does not have good coherence because one sentence is out of order.Find it, and then put it in its proper position in the paragraph.An answer is provided.
The modern orchestra is divided into four distinct groups.The first group is the strings.Their sound is produced by vibrating strings or wires.Woodwind instruments make up the second section of an orchestra.These instruments, such as flutes, piccolos and oboes, make their sound by the player blowing into a mouthpiece and opening and closing holes in the instrument.The third section is the brass section, whose instruments make sounds by the vibration of the player's lips on a mouthpiece.Examples of brass instruments are bugles, trumpets and tubas.Examples of string instruments are violins, cellos and basses.The last section of an orchestra is the percussion section.The sound of these instruments is made by hitting them.Examples of percussion instruments include cymbals, drums and tambourines.When put together, these four groups of instruments make a complete orchestra.
4.Order of Importance
Order of importance refers to developing the ideas (examples, causes, effects, etc.) in the order of their importance.You can order them in two major ways: ascending order (递增法) and descending order (递减法). Ascending order is to begin with the least important and end with the most important.Descending order is to discuss the most important point first and work down to the least important point.Both methods can be effective.Your choice depends on what you want to emphasize.
1) Ascending order
Several serious consequences result when an oil spill (泄漏) occurs.The immediate effect is the death of large numbers of fish and waterfowl (水鸟) from the oil in the water.Many birds that are not killed consume quantities of oil which cause disease or death later.When a spill occurs close to shore, a more serious result is the destruction of beaches.Enormous amounts of work and money are required to clean the oil from beaches.However, the most serious consequence of a spill may be the damage done to microorganisms (微生物) on the ocean floor.
2) Descending order
There are three important qualities necessary in a good boss.The most important is fairness.If the boss is fair, the workers can feel that if they do a good job, their work will be appreciated, and their efforts will be rewarded.The second most important quality is leadership.The boss should be an example and a teacher.This allows workers to learn from a boss so that they can increase their job skills and get promoted.The third most important factor is that the boss acts with consistency (言行一致). That way the workers know what to expect each day.They know how they'll be treated and what their share of the workload will be.I would hire a boss with these qualities for myself.
Practice 3-3-14
Choose one of the following topics, and complete the tasks below.
Step 1.Write a topic sentence based on your chosen topic.
Step 2.Supply at least three major developing sentences either in ascending order or in descending order.
Step 3.Expand the three major developing sentences into an approximately 150-word paragraph.
Partial answers are provided only for the first topic.
1.Discuss the ways to shop wisely.
2.Discuss the number of tips on how to get along with people.
3.Discuss three places you like to visit.
4.Discuss the strategies to prevent a child from being spoilt.
Practice 3-3-15
Choose one of the following words, and complete the tasks below.
Step 1.Narrow the chosen word to a topic about which you can write a 150-word paragraph.Then write an appropriate topic sentence.
—Education (too general)
—Higher education (still general)
—Our university (less general)
—Our university is the top choice for the students who attend. (narrow enough to be an appropriate topic sentence for a 150-word paragraph)
Step 2.Supply at least three major developing sentences.
A.The environment of our university is very nice.
B.The teachers at our university are all excellent.
C.There are many activities that all students can participate in.
Step 3.Expand the three major developing sentences into an approximately 150-word paragraph by using any method of development, and write a concluding sentence if necessary.
Our university is the top choice for the students who attend.First, the environment of our university is very nice.While walking on campus, we can feel that it's a beautiful and quiet place；we can find many places that are suitable for studying.What's more, the teachers at our university are all excellent.Most of them have doctoral degrees and they are quite humorous while teaching.Besides, the teachers are all very patient with their students.They are always willing to help their students with any kind of problems from either study or life.Finally, there are many activities that all students can participate in.For example, to relax, they can join a team for a short trip or organize some sports games during the leisure time.In conclusion, all the students at our university can enjoy a wonderful academic and social life.
Step 4.Check your paragraph against the Paragraph Checklist at the end of this practice.
Answers will vary.
1.hobby
2.anima
l3.charity
4.marriage
5.environment
6.money
7.holiday
8.festival
9.gratitude
10.achievement
11.dream
12.family
13.memory
14.imitation
15.childhood
16.gift
17.service
18.romance
19.invention
20.transportation
21.sport
22.wisdom
23.weather
24.birthday
25.entertainment
26.idol
27.Internet
28.tradition
29.volunteer
30.impression
31.health
32.fashion
33.curiosity
34.challenge
35.prediction
36.career
37.season
38.custom
39.education
40.technology
41.media
42.travel
43.hospital
44.happiness
45.information
46.crime
47.culture
48.mistake
49.friendship
50.communication
Paragraph Checklist
1.Topic sentence
A) Does your paragraph have a topic sentence?
B) Does your topic sentence tell what the paragraph is going to be about?
C) Does your topic sentence contain controlling ideas that need to be developed in the paragraph?
2.Developing sentences
A) Can you identify the main points in the paragraph?
B) Are the questions you asked about the controlling ideas answered in the paragraph?
C) Are the details adequate to develop the topic sentence?
D) Does your paragraph have any irrelevant sentences?
E) Does your paragraph have good cohesion and coherence?
3.Concluding sentence (optional)
A) Is there a concluding sentence that ends the paragraph?
B) Does your concluding sentence restate the topic sentence in different words, or summarize the main points discussed in the paragraph, or conclude the paragraph with a suggestion, solution, prediction, personal opinion, or thought-provoking question, etc.?
Exercise 3-3-16
Find a topic with which you are quite familiar, and then write an approximately 150-word paragraph.Check your paragraph against the Paragraph Checklist above.Answers will vary.