3D films 12, 41, 50

γ-rays 10, 11

A

Abbe, Ernst 27, 43, 90

Abbe’s criterion 27, 28, 32, 44

absorption 61, 72, 77–8, 94, 99

action 57, 63

aether 37

Al-Hazen 16

aluminium 91, 92

Ampere, Andre-Marie 12

angle of incidence 17, 19of reflection 17of refraction 22

astronomy 30

atom 14, 46–9, 58–61, 68–78, 82,85–6, 98–106, 111, 121

attoscience 82

aurorae 71

B

Bacon, Roger 25

Balmer, Johannes 58

Bell, John 117

Bell tests 117–18

Betzig, Eric 44

binoculars 28

birefringence 36, 48

birefringent materials 49

black bodies 58–9

Blake, William 123

Blu-ray 77

Bohr, Niels 61

Bose, Satyendra Nath 100

Bose–Einstein condensate 100

Brewster, David 49

brightness 6, 17, 28

butterfly wing 55

C

caesium 86, 91

calcite 35,

camera 15, 25, 27, 44, 55, 79–81

candles 3

CD (compact disc) 4, 77

chromatic aberration 21–4

clock 84, 85–9, 91

coherence 8, 74–7

colour 8–12, 21, 24, 58, 76–8

constructive 38–9, 76

contact lenses 25

copper 93–4

cornea 24–5

correlations 117–18, 121

classical 117

correlations (cont.)

quantum 118

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de 12

Crick, Francis 10

D

de Broglie, Louis 63

De Luce 83 see also Grossteste

destructive 38–9

Diamond Light Source 79

diffraction 10, 36, 45–7, 55, 79

Dirac, Paul 62, 73

DVD (digital video disc) 4, 77

E

Edgerton, Harold 80, 82

Einstein, Albert 60, 73, 84, 88–9, 100

electric charges 37, 38, 43, 60, 67

electromagnetic field 37–8, 52, 62,65, 72, 115

electron 60–1, 65, 67, 68–72, 78–9,82, 85–6, 93, 102–7, 123

energy 3, 7, 59–61, 65–6, 69–73,75, 85–6, 104–7, 131

entanglement 116, 118, 121

Euclid 16

Euler, Leonhart 57

European Light Infrastructure 106

eyeglasses 25

F

Faraday, Michael 10, 38

feather 55

femtochemistry 82

Fermat, Pierre de 23, 53–4

fibre optic broadband 4, 92

fluorescent 44, 67, 70

focal length 24, 27

force 37, 50, 68, 70, 96–8, 102

Fourier, Joseph 45, 89–90

Franklin, Rosalind 9, 10

Fraunhofer, Joseph von 12

frequency 10, 36–8, 60, 86, 89, 94,99, 102

comb 90–2

shift 66

Fresnel, Auguste 52

fringes 39–41, 43, 46, 61–2

Frisch, Otto 110

G

Gabor, Denis 42

Galilei, Galileo 6, 22

glass 4, 28, 49, 79, 92–4, 96

global positioning system (GPS) 86

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 8–9

Grimaldi, Francesco 35

Grosseteste, Robert 83

guide star 32

H

Hamilton, William 55–8

Hamilton equation 57

handedness 18

Hell, Stefan 45

Hertz, Heinrich 12

high-harmonic generation 90, 103

hologram 41–3

Hooke, Robert 28

Hubble Space Telescope 30

Huygens, Christian 34, 52

I

images 4, 10, 15–17, 18–25, 27–30,32–3, 35–6, 41–5, 50–1, 76, 78,81–2, 87, 90, 110, 123

incoherent 8, 74

information 1, 4, 13, 41, 47, 68, 92,113–14, 122

infrared 3, 10

intensity 7, 41, 50, 62, 64, 74, 76,92, 100, 101, 110–11

interference 36, 38–43, 46, 61–3,76, 100

Internet 4, 78, 92, 122

irradiance 7

K

Kepler, Johannes 22

L

Lamb, Willis 66

Large Hadron Collider 108

laser 4, 5, 7–8, 13, 15, 25, 45, 73,75–9, 82, 90, 93, 98–9, 106–8,109–10, 115

laser light pulses 76–7, 79–82,90–1, 93, 103, 106–8, 110

laser projector 78

LASIK 25

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 54–5

lens 12–13, 23–7, 28, 31, 32–3,43–5, 48, 55, 76

light

bulb 7, 8, 67, 69–70, 71, 74, 76,106, 109

classical 109–11

emitting diode 70, 73, 74

quantum 10, 61–3, 66, 71–3,109–10

quanta 59, 71

squeezed 105–6

light sources 3, 7, 13, 15, 71, 79, 90,109, 111

liquid crystal display (LCD) 50

liquid crystals 50, 78

lithography 29

M

magnetic materials 37

magnification 20, 24

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis 56–7

Maxwell, James Clerk 12, 32,37–8, 52, 58

metamaterials 32–3

microscope 17, 28, 43, 44–5

microwaves 10, 11, 86, 91, 92

mirror 18, 19–20, 32, 75

mode-locked laser 90

mode-locking 79, 90

modes 76, 80

molecules 10, 12, 23, 36, 46, 49,50, 77–8, 82, 103

Muybridge, Eadweard 80

N

National Ignition Facility 106

National Institute of Standards and Technology 86

National Physical Laboratory 86

Newton, Isaac 8–9, 20–2, 34, 40,83–4

no-cloning theorem 115

no-measurement theorem 115

normal

materials 32

to surface 17

O

Oersted, Hans Christian 12

Ohm, Georg 12

optical

analogy 56, 63 see also Hamilton

cavity 75–6, 80, 90–1, 111

clockwork 92

fibres 4, 47, 92, 94, 122

refrigerator 98

telecommunications 4, 47,112–14

tweezers 97

optics 6, 17, 28, 75, 90, 93

opto-mechanics 97

P

Pendry, John 33

photo-activated localization

microscopy 44

photoelectric effect 60, 74

Light

photograph 4, 41, 42, 80

photon 17, 60, 64, 65, 71, 73, 74,78, 94, 96, 99, 109–15, 116,118, 120, 121

herald 111

Physikalisch-Technische

Bundesanstalt 86

pixel 27, 28, 42, 50

Planck, Max 58–9

plasma 106–8

Podolsky, Boris 117

polarization 12, 13, 36, 48–51, 111,112, 114, 118–19, 120–1

polarizer 36, 48, 50, 112, 120

protein 28, 46, 97

proton 68–9, 108

beams 108

pump-and-probe 103, 104

Q

quantum

enhanced metrology 116

entanglement 116, 121

fields 62, 66, 73

key distribution 122

noise, laser light 110

noise, squeezed light 115

non-locality 121

random number generators 113

vacuum 65

R

radio waves 11

ray 15–17, 21, 22–4, 30, 32, 35,53, 54, 55–6

bundle 19–20, 23

reference wave 41–3

reflection 17–19

refraction 22–3, 32, 53

refractive index 23, 24, 32, 33, 36,47, 48, 50, 53, 55

relativity 84, 89

Rosen, Nathan 117

ruler 84

Rutherford Appleton

Laboratory 106

S

security 43, 113

Smith, Adam 43

Snell, Willdebrord 22–3, 32, 53

space-time 83–4

spectral ‘lines’ 58

spectroscopy 12, 77, 78–9, 80, 104

spectrum 8, 9, 12, 58, 90, 102

speed of light 17, 36, 49, 68, 84, 87,88–9

spontaneous emission 73

standard quantum limit 110, 115

Stanford, Leland 80

starlight 67

stimulated emission 45, 72, 75

stimulated emission depletion

microscopy 45

stroboscope 80, 82, 103

strontium 91–2

Sun 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16

sunlight 3, 8, 49, 58, 104

super-resolution 44

synchrotron 47, 71, 79, 107, 123

radiation 71, 107

T

Taylor, George 61

telescope 6, 20–2, 30, 32, 123

time dilation 83

transverse wave 36, 48

T-rays 10

U

ultraviolet 3, 10, 58, 102

extreme (EUV) 104

V vacuum fluctuations 72, 73

Veselago, Victor 32

Volta, Allessandro 12

Voltaire 54, 123

W

warmth 3, 6, 10

Watson, James 10

Watts 7

wave 34, 36–41, 43, 45, 48, 55–6,60, 62–5, 66, 89, 93, 108, 115

wave function 63–5

wave guide 47

wavefronts 38, 41, 56

wavelength 11, 27, 36, 40–1, 43, 44,55, 60, 63, 76, 79, 90, 94, 107

wave–particle duality 52, 62, 116

Wilkins, Maurice 10

X

X-ray Free Electron Laser 107

X-rays 10, 46–7, 71, 78–9, 107, 123

Y

Young, Thomas 39, 52, 61–2

Z

Zewail, Ahmed 82